Dickens Era--Child Labor :: History

Dickens Era--Child LaborEven though many of you parents out thither are in fact opposed to sending your children to work in these textile factories, there are, in fact, many parents who do feel differently. However, there arent enough of these kinds of parents to satisfy factory owners, so they went as far as to purchase innocent children from orphanages and workhouses. These poor children are now called pauper apprentices. They are forced into sign contracts that pronounced them the property of the factory. Because these Pauper apprentices are quite a bit cheaper to house and pay than adult workers these types of children labor workers have become extremely popular. These children work and go through under terrible conditions. There are even children as young as three years old put into work in these factories. Normally, further they began work at age 5, and generally die before they reach age 25. This leaves them about four years away from working. Many of them are released at a ge 21. Punishment is a common activity in these factories. Because maintaining the speed the all over lookers of these laborers can take aim very difficult after a period, the over lookers, with their hearts of stone, have no sympathy and punish the children for slowing down. They are either hit with a strap to make them work faster or sometimes get their heads dipped into the water boiler. If late to work or caught talking to their peers, they are punished as well. Runaways are immediately sent to confine as well as suspected runaways. The owners are supposed to supply their workers with meals. The quality of the food isnt good and the quantity is meager. Often, these children have to eat while working causing dust and other particles to smother the food. I was given the opportunity to briefly discourse one little boy from a factory. However, our interview was cut off because he had to return to his duties. He is an eight year old named Jeremy who works at the Quarry Bank Mill . It broke my heart sense of hearing to him How old are you Jeremy? Im eight How long have you been working here? Since I was 4 years old Jeremy, I find that your leg is injured, how long has your leg been this way? Its been this way for a few yearsI think its because I never get a chance to really rest it.

Saras Secret Essay -- essays papers

Saras SecretMoving to the big urban center was a big step for Sara. Her parents always warned her ab show up the dangers of city life, besides she never let the warnings hinder her decision. Her dream of a fast paced life has been with her for as yearn as she could remember, and nothing could change her mind.Sara was brought up in a small town ab out 200 miles from the city. This was a town in which e very(prenominal)one was friends with everyone, and most of the doors where never locked. Looking at this town was like looking at a painting that would be hanging up in a m uptakeum somewhere. In fact, Saras house looked like, it too, would have its own painting. Nothing was ever out of place, it even seemed as though each blade of grass knew that it had a particular position in which it need to stay, and the inside of their house was no different. Her parents where very protective over their only child. They always knew everything that went on in their daughters life or so the y thought. Sara kept something secret from her parents for as long as she could remember. Sara was born with something so different that she felt that if her parents ever raise out, they wouldnt ever be able to accept it. After Sara graduated from high initiate she felt as though she needed to get out of the life she knew, and start over in a whole new environment. Convincing her parents that she should ingrain to the city was the hardest part for her, but finally after months of constant debating, her parents finally gave in. But they never stopped telling her how they felt. Even as Sara was walking out to the moving truck with the last box, her parents told her that she was making a mistake and that only trouble is found in big cities. But Sara wasnt listening, she knew that she was going to chicane her new life, trouble and all.Saras apartment was on the small size but it didnt seem to make a difference to her, she was finally on her own. She found a pipeline at an a ccounting firm about a week after her arrival in the city. The tall building that her new job was in was a beautiful sight to her, and at that fourth dimension she knew that she belonged there. Her new office was only about 6 blocks from her new home, so most of the time she walked to work. She would often stop to look up at the tall buildings, admiring how they seemed to look like those tall trees she once saw on a road get off with her parents.... ...purse back to the women, she took him by the wrists up to the street to the nearest police officer. She told the police firearm what happened and then left wondering when she was going to get her reward. Sara then started to walk up the street, to catch her breath. When she reached the spot where she had heard the first women scream, the city froze, not by her doing, but by the intent. Again, a faint light appeared from the manhole, and turned into a mans face. Sara was excited that she was finally going to get what she h ad been working so hard for. And then the spirit started to speak, You have done well Sara, you have salve the two people you needed to, to be able to receive your prize. But the thing is, you have already received it. Sara didnt quite understand, so the spirit went on,You saved not one life, but the life of many. And you have risked a lot, so a lot is returned to you. The best reward is not of material value, but the feeling of value in yourself.The spirit then vanished just like it had appeared. Sara then knew what the spirit had taught her. Sara decided to dedicate her life to saving others, and to only use her powers for the good of mankind.

The Iran Hostage Crisis Essay -- Diplomacy

President Carters New Years 1979 toast to the Shah at a state dinner in Tehran, announcing that he was an island of stability in one of the more troubled areas of the world, set the tone of the stance the join States had with the Shah which indicated support. This led to the trigger of The Iran guarantor Crisis that lasted 444 days, in which Carter allowed an ally, the unpopular Shah to flee to the New York to receive medical care for his cancer and escaping the Iranian Revolution. On November 4th 1979 student demonstrators raided the US Embassy in Tehran, capturing 66 Americans, in which 13 women and minority hostages were let go almost immediately and 1 ill man shortly after. The dislike the Iranian people had for the joined States began in the 1950s, whereas the United States became allies with non-communist regimes, regardless of their countrys people support. 1953 marked the USs decision to become an ally with the Shah, the leader of Iran. The United States tie with the Sha h involved using Irans oil wealth for economic development, furthermore he purchased billions of dollars worth of weapons of security from the US. In 1979 the monarchy was overthrown by radical Islams that were supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini, a Shia Muslim religious scholar. The motive of the Iranian students was to demonstrate their rebellion against the Shah, in which their demand was the return of the Shah for trial then execution, additionally they asked that the US stay out of their countrys internal affairs. Carters approach imposed the protection of the American hostages but also ensuring the alliance with Iran, this had a interdict response that affected him being reelected.Carter entered office in 1977, a crucial time of Americas... ...Annapolis, MD Naval Institute, 1985. Print. Smith, Steve. Policy Preferences and Bureaucratic Position The geek of the American Hostage Rescue Mission. International Affairs ( imperial Institute of International Affairs 1944-) Vol. 61, No. 1 (Winter, 1984-1985), pp. 9-25 Published by Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs Article Stable URL (JSTOR) Hollis, Martin and Smith, Steve. Roles and Reasons in Foreign Policy Decision Making. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 16, No. 3 (Jul., 1986), pp. 269-286. Published by Cambridge University Press. Article Stable URL (JSTOR)Pbs. WGBH American Experience . Jimmy Carter . The Iranian Hostage Crisis PBS. PBS Public Broadcasting Service. 1996. Web. 07 Apr. 2011. .

Marvel and Toy Biz :: essays research papers

My previous two columns have focused on the story of my short-lived involvement with a group of investors seeking to purchase Marvel Comics in January, 1998. As I related last time, my role in examining the Marvel documents was to analyze the licensing division with an snapper as to how much dominance revenue we could anticipate from this area. In the end, I had to tell my fellow investors that there really wasnt a whole lot of licensing potential left. Either the rights were hopelessly entangled due to bungling on the part of Marvels legal staff, or that most of the decent licensing properties had already been sold for many long time forward, in exchange for upfront cash payments in previous years. The one area that held some potential was the possibility of somehow breaking the ToyBiz royalty-free licensing agreement. That emancipation not only gave ToyBiz the rights to produce any and all Marvel toys in perpetuity, but also granted them a zero royalties rate It seemed quite pl ausible to me that the failure court had the discretion to void such an encumbering agreement. That, in fact, was exactly what investor/raider Carl Icahn was seeking in his reorganization plan for Marvel. He was so sure he could have the toy contract terminated that he bet upwards of $200 million of his money, and that of closely allied investors, by purchasing Marvel bonds at distress prices. It was exactly the prospect of losing their sweetheart agreement which made ToyBiz owners Isaac Perlmutter and Avi Arad passionately committed to purchasing Marvel. ToyBiz was almost completely dependent on its Marvel license for its survival, so there was no way they could give up on this deal. That is why Perlmutter arranged his own financing group, and ultimately bid over $ cd million for Marvel. Returning to our investment group, while I was reading the licensing agreements, the bankers whom I accompanied to the Marvel bankruptcy trustees office went over the financials. We were originally going to devise through the night to establish a criteria under which we could craft a bid for the company, or some part of the company. We stopped for lunch at 1 PM, however, and it quickly became apparent from our conversations that no one in our group thought Marvel was worth anything near what Icahn and Perlmutter were bidding.

Carowinds Versus the Pavilion :: essays research papers

Carowinds Versus the PavilionWhenever considering what amusement park you would like to attend to, you look for the adept with the best rides, atmosphere, admission. Carowinds is a better amusement park than The Pavilion when considering types of rides, atmosphere, and cost of admission.Carowinds is compiled of many gravity-defying rides. cover song Gun The Jet Coaster is the Carolinas only inverted steel roll coaster. While on the ride, you are hurled through with(predicate) six swirling inversions while in the air. The Vortex is a stand-up roller coaster that takes you on a 50 m.p.h. serial of loops and drops. Drop Zone Stunt Tower is a ride where you can experience the rush of gravity as you descend sixteen stories in secondsand fall at 56 m.p.h. to safety. The Carolina Cyclone is a steel coaster that spins you through four 360-degree loops and a 450-degree uphill helix. Thunder Road is a twin-racing roller coaster takes you seatward and forward through North and South Car olina. The Xtreme Skyflyer is a ride that gives you the thrill of hang gliding with thesuspense of skydiving as you are hoisted 153 feet in the air then plait a ripcord that plunges you into a 50-feet free fall at 60 m.p.h. The atmosphere of Carowinds is very liveand exciting. While you walk through the park, you can hear miles and miles of laughter, music, and screams. The tearing smell of Chinese food, barbecue, French fries, and funnel cake just makes your hunger crave for it and your mouth water. From myexperiences, it is always sunny and cool. By the sun being so bright, it brought out the ambiance of the entire park by showing the bright colors. The general admission at Carowinds, which includes the cost to get in and unlimited ride of rides, is childrenages two and under free, seniors, sixty and up, and children, three to six, $26.99, and adults, seven to fifty-nine, $38.99.The rides at The Pavilion are not as adrenaline rushing as the rides at Carowinds. Top Spin is a lot like a Ferris wheel and a boat in one. While one part of the ride is goingback and forth in a rocking motion, the seat of the ride is turning 360 degrees high in the air. Mad Mouse is a small roller coaster, but total of speed. It is like being strapped to the back of a mouse while it is running away from a predator.

Carowinds Versus the Pavilion :: essays research papers

Carowinds Versus the PavilionWhenever considering what amusement park you would like to attend to, you look for the genius with the best rides, atmosphere, admission. Carowinds is a better amusement park than The Pavilion when considering types of rides, atmosphere, and cost of admission.Carowinds is compiled of many gravity-defying rides. contribute Gun The Jet Coaster is the Carolinas only inverted steel bankroll coaster. While on the ride, you are hurled by means of six swirling inversions while in the air. The Vortex is a stand-up roller coaster that takes you on a 50 m.p.h. serial of loops and drops. Drop Zone Stunt Tower is a ride where you can experience the rush of gravity as you descend sixteen stories in secondsand fall at 56 m.p.h. to safety. The Carolina Cyclone is a steel coaster that spins you through four 360-degree loops and a 450-degree uphill helix. Thunder Road is a twin-racing roller coaster takes you rearward and forward through North and South Carolina. The Xtreme Skyflyer is a ride that gives you the thrill of hang gliding with thesuspense of skydiving as you are hoisted 153 feet in the air then take away a ripcord that plunges you into a 50-feet free fall at 60 m.p.h. The atmosphere of Carowinds is very liveand exciting. While you walk through the park, you can hear miles and miles of laughter, music, and screams. The piercing smell of Chinese food, barbecue, French fries, and funnel cake just makes your hunger crave for it and your mouth water. From myexperiences, it is always sunny and cool. By the sun being so bright, it brought out the ambiance of the entire park by showing the bright colors. The general admission at Carowinds, which includes the cost to get in and unlimited equitation of rides, is childrenages two and under free, seniors, sixty and up, and children, three to six, $26.99, and adults, seven to fifty-nine, $38.99.The rides at The Pavilion are not as adrenaline rushing as the rides at Carowinds. Top Spin is a lot like a Ferris wheel and a boat in one. While one part of the ride is goingback and forth in a rocking motion, the seat of the ride is turning 360 degrees high in the air. Mad Mouse is a small roller coaster, but wide-eyed of speed. It is like being strapped to the back of a mouse while it is running away from a predator.

Mr. Padua

Mr.. Pad had been the management services director of the fruit puree division of his corporation. W/ professional experience come acrossed from various industries, his technical expertise was doubtlessly quite valuable to the corporation. He, however, has personal attitudes w/c created a wall of hostility between him & his staff and the rest of the senior managers of his dolls. For one thing, Mr.. Pad did not see any point in laughing at a joke w/c he did not consider untrusting. Fortunately, his standard to funny was in the line of erudite humor, w/c even the other directors found too deep for reflection. Neither did he believe in attempting to gain the drift of others if only to gain rapport w/ them. He insisted in being his own person regardless of what others believe. It was, also, rare for him to concede to anything. This attitude was heighten by his difficulty in expressing his thoughts especially when it came to Justifying himself.This caused misunderstandings between him and others w/c further aggravated his win negative perception of others as well as their negative perception of him. He could not give allowances for differences In his attitude w/ those of others. Ad those who differed from him, In one sense, were treated w/ a form of coldness. He was aware of his social deficiencies, but, according to him he simply could not be what he was not. He often mentioned that it was already very hard for him to vary his ways. Outside the work place, though, Mr..Pad tried hard to be friendly w/ his staff. And, while he showed concern for their professional training, he himself could not seem to be at ease in relating to them in the workplace. It was as if he was afraid that friendship would curtail his authority. At this time, a new problem solving remains was being Inculcated throughout the corporation. To show his concern for his staff, he made them the first trainees on the system. The system was designed to enable a group to Identify a problem and r ecommend a solution throughout the various stages of the system.The group was placed under he guidance of training assistants from the personnel directorate ensuring the objectivity of results. The exercise w/ his staff identified three difficulties in their workplace, one of which concerned Mr.. Pad. The recommended solution was to replace him. Needless to say, this put top management in a dilemma. Mr.. Pad was an officer of the company, and to continue to attract talent to officers, his tenure had to be protected. Besides, the problem focused on Mr.. Pads personality. How exactly does one correct that?He had already attended Dale Carnages course. On the other hand, faith In the system they were endorsing was being put to the test. If they could not support Its results now, how could they expect anyone to believe Its merits? Study Guides 1. account the personality of Mr.. Pad. How Is this reflected In his communication style? 2. How was this style affected his relationship w/ his associates and Defend your stand. 4. What implication does the case have on management policies and practices on hiring and developing workers and staff?

Designing a Manufacturing Process Toshiba´s Notebook Computer Assembly Line Essay

Whenever a late model is introduced at Toshiba, management attempts to improve the assembling process in term of increasing productivity and decreasing costs. Attentiveness is directed towards reducing the amount of components and simplifying take a crap and assembly. Manufacturing engineering manager Toshihiro Nakamura introduced a prototype assembly sheet concerning the new notebook computer model. The pursuance precedence graph examines the process sheet. Task numbers 1-17 task time in seconds (in brackets).The assembly line consists out of 6 workstations. comprehend time (in seconds) for each workstation is indicated in brackets. Workstation 1, task 1 (75). Workstation 2, tasks 2 and 3 (85). Workstation 3, tasks 4, 5 and 6 (97). Workstation 4, tasks 7, 8 and 9 (105). Workstation 5, tasks 10-15 (101). (Workstations 6, 7 and 8 are operating(a) the software load). The final workstation 9 handles tasks 16 and 17 (120). The sum of task time therefore equals 583 seconds. The asse mbly line is designed expect that one notebook would be assembled every 2 transactions by six workers. Therefore, daily capacity of the assembly line would be 225 units (450 minutes operating time per day), assuming that on each one of the six workstations a computer is positioned at the beginning of the day. Initial production for the new model is 150 units per day, increasing to 250 the following week and eventually up to 300 units, depending on process success.The block in this assemblyline is located between workstation 4 and 5. Workstation 4 completes its tasks (7, 8, and 9) at bottom 105 seconds whereas workstation 5 finishes after 101 seconds. This results in a mire of 4 seconds per unit at workstation 5. A potential solution to this problem skill be particularizeing higher skilled staff to workstation 4 in value to push on assembly time. More detailed recommendations go away follow. This bottleneck constitutes the major issue within this production process and will be examined in more detail in the following.Analysing the major issues concerns calculating potential die away times at workstation 5 regarding different amounts of units beingness produced. With the sign production of 150 units per day, a moderate of 600 seconds (10 minutes) at workstation 5 would appear per day. It takes 3 minutes to finish one unit, assuming that 150 units are produced per day with an operating time of 7.5 hours. Producing 250 units per day means that one unit is assumed to be completed after 1.8 minutes or 108 seconds. When production increases up to 300 units per day, operating time per unit would be 1.5 minutes or 90 seconds. Hence, increasing production results in increased slack times at workstation 5.With a production of 250 units per day, slack time would be 1000 seconds or 16.67 minutes. Within those 16.7 minutes of slack time, 9.3 units could have been produced. With a production of 300 units per day, slack time would even increase up to 20 minutes in which 13.3 units could have been produced. These calculations clearly dilate inefficiency at workstation 4 which results in major costs due to relatively high idle times. Extrapolating these numbers up to a working week, assuming that 5 days 7.5 hours the assembly line is in operation, significantly high slack times and therefore unnecessary costs arise. Assuming a production of 250 units per day, slack time at station 5 per week would be 83.5 minutes in which an redundant 46 units could have been produced.Efficiency of the assembly line will be calculated in the following with regard on different amounts of units being produced. Eventually the optimal number of units to reach an efficiency of 100% will be calculated. With 250 units produced per day, a rhythm time of 108 seconds per unit results. Hence, using the formula for calculating the lines efficiency, (sum of task times = 583 seconds/6 workstations x 108 seconds cycle time) results in an efficiency rate of m89.97% ( 90 %). Running at a maximum capacity of 300 units per day (583/690), line efficiency would be 107.96% which is not close to reality. Relative to its use of labour, an efficiency of 108% producing at maximum capacity is not achievable. More workers would be needed and staff would have to work on one task simultaneously. An efficiency of 100% can be reached with a daily production of 277 units per day assuming that the assembly line maintains its initial set up of 6 workstations with the same labour time. The actual efficiency rate (with 277 units produced per day) constitutes 99.66% which is the maximum that can be reached.In order to dispense the antecedently discussed issue of inefficiency at workstation 4, several recommendations will be highlighted. Firstly, the easiest solution in relation to not changing the assembly set up would be to assign more skilled workers to station 4 in order to speed up the assembling process. Going hand in hand with this assumption is that the relay s tation might help staff at workstation 4. The problem is though, that the supporters task certainly is to help out the assembly workers where help is needed yet his/her task is not to stay in one spot at all times. Moreover, redesigning the assembly set up might benefit workstation 4.The redesign is concerned with the optimal placement of staff. In the case of Toshibas assembly line it might be helpful to expand the section of workstation 4 in order to place one or two additional workers. Another possible solution might be to place additional staff not ripe on one side of the conveyer belt but on the other one as well. Especially in the section of workstation 4 additional help from across might be a solution. The assembly line has distance for a total of 12 positions. Not all are being used. Another potential determination might be to split up workstation 4 into two and place the new one in a emancipate spot.Regarding the calculations of slack times and efficiency with differen t amounts of units being produced, one can conclude that Toshibas assembly line is relatively efficient but has space to improve. Workstation 4 represents the main problem of this case but several potential solutions were presented. Overall efficiency of this assembly line is quite high and appropriate.(All calculations were made without considering either break times)

The Existence of Happiness

The Existence of blessedness bliss, the intangible emotion that we all desire. Is there proof that this emotion even exists? Eduardo doorkeeper has written an essay titled What Happiness Is. In this essay Mr. Porter took the time to study the emotion of happiness that we all experience in life. He makes an attempt to dubiety not nevertheless his reasons as to why he is happy, but to have the reader question their declare sense of happiness as soundly. What is it that makes us feel joyful emotions, and how passel vastly different experiences cause us to feel the same emotion that we call happiness?While look for for the proof of this feeling Eduardo Porter reflects upon his consume personal experiences, professional studies and ultimately decides that his questions may never be answered. Porter states that, most psychologists and economists who study happiness agree that what they prefer to call subjective benefit comprises three parts satisfaction, meant to capture how b atch judge their lives measured up against their aspirations dogmatic feelings like joy and the absence of negative feelings like anger. This is an important analysis of how we form the idea of how joyful we actually are.Something in life that one person might be ashamed of could improve the level of cheerfulness for other person. For example, the thought of getting a tattoo might cause one individual to feel guilt while another individual might feel pleasure at the same thought. Because there is no definitive formula that provides a calculated experience of happiness for everyone, it is interesting to question what actions or wish thereof in our lives cause us to be cheerful or to lose somewhat of the happiness that we have already gained.The organization of this essay was swell up thought out and effective. The author opens with the statement, Happiness is a slippery concept, a bundle of meaning with no precise, stable definition. This opening statement provokes the reader to question their own beliefs in what brings them joy and provides further interest in the topic due to the lack of confidence Porter portrays in finding answers. He and so proceeds to share a few studies approximately happiness and his own idea of what makes him feel these emotions.He incorporates theories from well-known and educated thinkers about what makes humans happy. Sigmund Freud argued that humans, strive after(prenominal) happiness they want to become happy and to remain so. Gandhi proposed that, happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony. These analyses provide the reader with a starting point for teasing and answering those questions based on a professional thought process and breakdown of happiness. With these theories in mind the reader can look at their own life to help decide what actually makes them happy.Based on his professional study of this subject Porter likewise interjects his own reasoning for experiencing glee in life. Eduardo states that Happiness hits directly to objective measures of peoples quality of life. Porter believed that the more joy someone experienced in their life the better their life would be. Porter simplifies his writing so that the reader is able to assess their level of happiness from a loosely defined point of view, so that the average person has a means of tackling a difficult question.This is an important concept. The way Porter addresses happiness allows the reader to feel like they have the ability to ask the same questions about their own life and in doing so gain their own perspective into what it means for them to be happy. Throughout this essay Porters tone is of a pondering mindset regarding happiness, backed by personal experiences as well as professional study. This demonstrates that his interest level in what makes people feel positive emotion was strong enough to spend time to search for these answers.This had a positive influence on his readers a large ma jority of individuals can relate to this topic and explore it for themselves. Most people strive for more happiness in their life, but fail to question what is actually making them or not making them happy in the first place. The essay makes you question if you have attempted to search for these answers in your own life. And if you are not happy consequently why have you not questioned and searched for these answers?If you have asked these questions, why are you still feeling the same emotions that you wish to change, what changes have you not made? Porter to a fault uses multiple economic reasons as a means of translating how much or how little happiness individuals can achieve. Along with many economists, Porter believes that in our advanced time our search for more happiness co-exists with our desire and search for more money. We believe achieving a greater status in society, and receiving more money along with that level of status will make us truly happy.Our attempt in reach ing these goals can have a negative effect, because the majority of people do not actually know what it is they want from life when this status is reached. Therefore, we as individuals may never achieve the level of joy we are searching for. After nurture this essay you question what it is that you actually want out of life. If you do know, are you taking the right steps to achieve your goals? After reading Eduardo Porters take on why and what makes humans happy, many questions are left unanswered.Porter achieved his goal of interjecting multiple professional studies of what happiness is, as well as introducing his beliefs about this emotion as it relates to his life. This in turn makes his readers question their own emotional situations. What makes them happy? Most individuals would agree that the topic of this essay is, and has been, a pertinent question for as far back as we can remember. Porter knew that everyone at one point in time felt some form of happiness, and the actions that cause people to feel happy are completely different from one person to the next.Porters search for the definition and reason tail end happiness are still unanswered questions, and most likely will remain this way, because its impossible to be universally define happiness. Its also impossible to give just one reason as to why someone is happy or not. Joy is intangible it is not measurable by a bank account or a status in society. Still we strive to feel it and achieve more of it, but we will never have a universal definition as to what this emotion actually is. We can only hope to increase its experience in our own lives.

Aronson,Marc. Witch-hunt: Mysteries of the Salem Witch Trials. NewYork: Simon And Schuster, 2003

In reviewing the intelligence Witch-hunt Mysteries of the Salem Witch Trials, I found many new and interesting facts near the Salem witch trials. The book gives a detailed account of the accusers, the criminate, the judges, and other key players involved in the vehemence that consumed Salem in 1692. Aronson starts out his book not with 1692, but instead with 1688, a year when the four Goodwin children seemed to be possessed by someone or something that was not of this world. The whole of this story is told by Cotton Mather, a well-respected minister of his day.He and his father, Increase Mather would play an important part in the hysteria was to come. He was the one who established the test for accused witchesthat is, the ability to recite the Lords Prayer perfectly. Ironically, it would be his representative that would stop the hysteria in late 1692. He then compares the hysteria of 1692 to the post-September 11, 2001 hysteria regarding religious fundamentalists. At times, Aron son is a bit preachy, but the narrative moves along, telling vividly of the trials of the accused, and how many recanted their confessions, and even the histrionics of the alleged victims.The story begins with a stem of girls practicing some old divination with a West Indian Slave, Tituba. When the experiment goes horribly wrong, the girls begin having spells of illness, and began going into fits. The girls quickly accuse Tituba of bewitching them, and Tituba does not disappoint, confessing to the hatred of witchcraft, naming names, if only to save herself. The accusations fly quickly from there, as does the narrative. Aronson moves quickly, telling of the trials and hangings with vivid clarity.One almost feels as though they are in the courtroom, spot the accusers pains, and hearing the plaintiffs cries of innocence. Aronson also takes us to the jail cells, telling us of witches that recanted to the stenographers charged with taking their confessions. Aronson then talks of the h eight of the hysteria, when people were organism accused at an alarming rate. He does, however, neglect to mention that a total of 20 people were executed, and many more were imprisoned. Aronson residues the Witchcraft trials with a voice of reason.It is the same voice that ended the hysteria 300 years ago. The reason is voiced by people like Cotton Mather, Increase Mather, Thomas palaver and other esteemed men of the society. He also ties the whole thing together by placing the events in their historical context and giving reasons for the hysteria and for the end of the reign of terror. Overall, he does an excellent job of taking the available resources and turning it into a gripping tale that would take anyone on a wild ride. I individualally read this book in two days, I could not put it down.The contemporary comparisons Aronson makes brings the book to relevance to todays young person while bringing this fascinating historical period to a satisfying, if unsettling conclusion. Overall, I would recommend this book to anyone who wants a better understanding of the Salem Witch Trials and their daze on Massachusetts society. I would also recommend it because after reading it, one gets the sense of what a modern day witch-hunt looks like. Hopefully, by reading close this troubling period in American history, we can avoid repetitions of this type of hysteria in the future.

Christian Family Center School Essay

Domingo St. Barangay Holy Spirit, Quezon City is composed of Elementary and high school. Christian Family Center School existence engrosss manual(a) way in direct their program depository library. library is regarded as the brain of any institute many an(prenominal) institutes understand the importance of the library to the growth of the institute and their esteem users (students). library organisation that offers many flexible and convenient features, that allows librarians and library users to maximize time and efficiency. Library System gives the all detailed information rough students, ply and books.It testament track on the how many books avail adequate in library and books issued to the students. It shows popular book among the students. It will set aside book lost in library. Library is derived from the old French libraries which heart and soul a assemblage of book. Reading materials in a school ar stored in libraries. The Library is a place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is in like manner organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a cloistered individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in different formats and from many sources.The library must be neat so that it is causative for learning. It is the place where students and researchers go to in order to find all the questions to their queries and ultimately find answers. It is therefore the division of a librarian to keep the place as clean and as orderly as possible. It is in any case his duty to keep safe all information related to library transactions like the ins and outs of books. t each(prenominal)ing of the Problem Based on the conducted interview and observations, the group had come up with the following problems being encountered by the project. The study seeks to answer the following problems1. They spend much time in recording the inventory of the books and also in recording th e transactions of borrowing. 2. Possible of losing the records. 3. The authorized person exerts more effort in this manual ways. 4. The records are unorganized. Objectives of the body of work The following are the objectives aimed by the researchers to create a useful Library Management System to the proponents, Christian Family Center School Foundation. 1. To be able to develop a system that helps the school library to secure the information/ information inputted. Only the authorized person layabout admittance the system. 2.To be able to minimize the time and effort of the person who is in charge in searching books. 3. To be able to minimize the possibility of losing the data. 4. To be able to have an organized data in library. Scope and Limitations The scope of the program is you can easily record the books being barrowed by the students. It also has a rattling user-friendly interface. Thus the users will feel very easy to work on it. The software provides accuracy along with a pleasant interface. Make the demo manual system more interactive, speedy and user friendly. The transaction reports of the system can be retried as and when required.Thus, there is no delay in the availability of any information, whatever needed, can be captured very quickly and easily. Although this proposed system benefits the users, it also has its limitations. First the system is connected into a network. Only one can computer at a time can access the system. Second, the person that can access the system is limited (Librarian/Staff). Significance of the Study This IT project intends to provide an accurate and effective Library Management System which will benefit the following Librarian/Staff, the librarian handles the monitoring of information in the library.It will change magnitude the time, enhance the level of work, help its processes more reliable and efficient, and provide accuracy and security of data information. Students, students can borrow and return books in the library. It will contrive the process of borrowing and returning books easier. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY This chapter put ins the related literature and studies, local and foreign, that gives bearing to the present study. Local publications According to Malnig (1991), online research began more than 25 years ago with convoluted and cumber about searches through Dialog.Operational long before the common place use of the internet, the EarMest Dialog system was completed in 1996. It was worlds first online information retrieval system to be used globally with materially epoch-making databases and for the use in libraries. However, it was said that it has a more technical interface than the newer versions on online libraries, and the manual library system. Biggs and Biggs (1987) conducted a survey of the heads of schoolman library seed services to examine the sight development for the study titled Reference line of battle instruction in Academic Librarie s Report of a Survey.It was effect that choice and weeding were not guided by any compose policy and studies of use of aggregation were missing. creators concluded that online sources were important factors in selection. Harloe and Budd (1994) in accretion Development and Scholary Communication in the Era of Electronic Access examined the relationship between collection development and system of scholarly communication in faculty member library. They discussed on ownership verses access to information and presented strategies for collection development in electronic networked system.Sridhar (1995) wrote an article named Problems of allurement Development in Special Libraries. He explored the various factors change collection development in special libraries and highlighted the significance of collection development policy manual. Author pointed out the various problems related to document selection and procurement. Andrade and Vergueiro (1996) also wrote an article under ti tle Collection Development in Academic Libraries A Brazilian Librarys Experience. The article is based on the collection development practices of a Brazilian academic library.Authors outlined the different models of collection development given by professionals. Haider (1996) in his paper Acquisition and Collection Development in Pakistan analyzed the constraints faced by Pakistani libraries in the procurement of books from abroad. Lack of proper everywheresight, absence of competent personnel, non-existence of acquisition policy statements, non-existence of selection aids, ever shrinking library budgets, fluctuating rate of the rupee, inflation, import policy, trade embargoes against some countries, fiscal policy etc. were the major hurdles ground.Foreign belles-lettres According to Britannica Online (2010), the word library derives from Latin Liber, which means The throw. The origin of libraries dates back around 3rd century B. C in Babylonia, where keep written records which has been part of their history. The first libraries as a collection of books were evidenced in Greek temples and those established in conjunction with Greek schools and philosophy in fourth century B. C modern libraries usually contain periodicals, microfilms, tapes, videos, compact discs, and other materials in addition to books.Dewey (1992), as cited by Pasilan (2000) defines in integrated library system as the one that bring together numerous library task into one system. It allows the library to have a direct on its automation with a great efficiency. It also allows the user to use the library data for the acquisition, cataloging and circulation of library collections. Hoffer, Prescott and McFadden (2002) defines a database as an organized collection of related data. They also defined data as known facts that are recorded and stored on a computer system are structured to be easily stored, manipulated, queried and retrieved by data users.Thornton (2000) adjoin of Electronic Re sources on Collection Development, the Roles of Librarians, and Library Consortia. Study was conducted to find the impact of electronic resources and the Internet on collection development and discuss the changing role of librarians, library co-operation and collection development. It had been concluded that consortia will become more important sources in electronic information world. Pandita (2004) in her paper Collection Development in the Digital Era examined the impact of electronic format on the collection development.She pointed out that the policy of content development ask to be worked out and re-designed. Mandal and lesser panda (2005) in their research paper titled Collection Development in the Internet Age and the Need for a Consortium in the Engineering College Libraries in West Bengal A Study discussed the different dimensions of collection development. The existing state of library collection and infrastructural facilities of 17 engineering college libraries in West Bengal were examined. Author suggested the staff educate, provision of adequate staff and funds, appropriate infrastructure in IT and a need based collection.Mulla and Chandrashekara (2006) E-Resources and Services in Engineering College Libraries A Case Study. Study was conducted to examine the efforts made by the engineering college libraries in Karnataka to build electronic resources. Results of the study revealed that collection and service infrastructure of the libraries in sampled regions were not up to the mark and libraries were struggling to build digital collection and in disseminating digital information due to lack of ICT infrastructure, IT trained manpower and paucity of finances, etc.Adekanmbi and Boadi (2008) in study titled, Problems of Developing Library Collections A Study of Colleges of Education Libraries in Botswana ascertained the availability and use of collection development policies in the college of education libraries, in Botswana. In addition to using q uestionnaires, interviews were conducted to gather information from senior librarians, deputy principals of colleges and board of the affiliated institutions of the University of Botswana. Study brought to notice that majority of the libraries did not have collection development policies.Lack of constant training for librarians, inadequate staff, lack of support from administration and unavailability of collection development policies were some of the major problems give. It was that arrange that majority of the libraries did not involve their users in formulation of policies and did not implement these for collection development. Study revealed the need to train librarians on collection development. Mary and Sankar (2008) Collection Evaluation of PSN College of Engineering and Technology Library and PET Engineering College Library in Tirunelveli District.Authors described the various techniques of evaluating the document collection in academic libraries and evaluated the collect ion development practices of two engineering colleges. Sharma et al. (2008) evaluated the collection development in libraries of 38 engineering colleges of Orissa under title Collection Management of Engineering College Libraries of Orissa An appraising(prenominal) Study. Information was collected from libraries using questionnaires.Study concluded thatgrowing dissatisfaction of the users arising from non-availability of needed documents and lack of provision of services could be boiled down to some extent, by rendering at least CAS or current contents or information about latest addition to users. Mallaiah and Gowda (2009) in paper Collection Development in Mangalore University Library A User Study discussed the usefulness of collection development in a university library and attempted to find whether the UGC-INFONET E-journals were clashing the users information needs.Local Study The developments in information environments implies that new collection development policies need to be revised from time to time to ensure access to a wider range of e-documents and e-databases. These policies should give more emphasis on licensing agreements, copyrights, intellectual access, the mode of payment, subscription costs and archiving. A number of attempts have been made by the university libraries and academic institutions to develop collection development policies.Suzanne D Gyesley (2001) reported that the escalating price and rapid growth in electronic journal databases along with traditional print subscriptions and monographs agonistic library administrators and collection development librarians to make decisions between printed products or electronic formats in the new millennium. A separate study was conducted at A&M University libraries, Texas, USA in the disciplines of political science and economics to compare the annual subscription prices and percentage increase of 203 core printed journals with their electronic counterparts during 1998-2000 academic years. The electronic use statistics were examined for the pricy serials based on the number of hits by the users. Based on this study he reported that libraries were forced to pay for dual subscriptions both for paper and in electronic form. It also revealed that faculty and students were satisfied with the use of e-journals. It also indicated a trend that libraries would switch to electronic format if the price of electronic journals dropped. Considering the question of what the present collection of libraries mean to the user in the current information environment.Collection analysis techniques educate and support the new library staff about collection and provide better data to determine collection development priorities for budget planning. It helps librarians to assist their patrons search for information. The collection was evaluated using online analysis tools. Topics cover are about the importance of e-book collections, faculty participation in the selection for more balanced and comprehensive collection management plan. Their article lists out the benefits of conducting collection analysis.It revealed that collection analysis has a positive impact on collection development and management. Findings inferred from this study suggest that access to the collection were improved and some problems encountered with a particular collection were identified. Foreign Study Mukherjee (1965) carried out a study titled, Library Facilities in Training Colleges of India to assess the prevalent position of 50 teacher training college libraries. Questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Study revealed that majority of libraries did not have sufficient space for proper functioning.Some of teacher training colleges did not have their own libraries. Staff and students depended on the university libraries to which education section was attached. Naidu (1981) in his research paper, College Libraries in Andhra Pradesh With Special Reference to Andhra University attempted to find the causes steer to unhappy situation of libraries. Author disclosed the gloomy ideate of college libraries and suggested to lay down some norms and standards for college libraries by inspection commission of each university.He further suggested that at least 6% of the college budget should be spent on library. Author emphasized the need to give initiation to users in the beginning of each academic year. In an article titled A Survey of College Libraries in West Godavari District Raju (1984) explored the prevailing position of libraries of 18 colleges affiliated to Andhra University, Waltair. Various facets of libraries i. e. library staff, building, collection, book banks, budget and technical services, etc have been examined. Financial sources were found inadequate.DDC and AACR-I were popular among libraries. Survey revealed the immediate need to improve the services to meet information needs of students, teachers and research scholars. Kumbar (1986) took up a study named C ollege Libraries under ulbarga University Area A Survey. He assessed the existing situation and status of 54 colleges libraries. Besides using questionnaires, interviews were also conducted to collect data. Only one librarian possessed masters degree in Library Science. Survey represented a disappointing picture of libraries as only 12 libraries had their own buildings.Libraries were spending more funds on books and comparatively less on periodicals. Library services were not found satisfactory. It was found that more than 50% libraries brought out annual reports. Jasmer Singh (1990) carried out research for doctorate degree on the topic College Libraries in Punjab A Statistical analysis of the Problems He conducted a survey to find the problems being faced by college libraries of Punjab and Chandigarh and also attempted to study the use of libraries. He covered 210 colleges under study, including tail fin colleges of education also.Questionnaire-I was used to know about the preva lent position of libraries and problems being faced by librarians in managing these. Two separate questionnaires were used to know the opinions of students and teachers about their respective libraries. Bajpai (1995) in research paper Evaluation of College Library Services in Delhi assessed the services of college libraries in Delhi and identified their problems. He brought forward that librarians often found it difficult to deal with teaching and non-teaching staff members regarding return of books. For this, library rules existed only on paper and were not being implemented properly.Chopra (1995) revealed the problems being faced by college libraries of Punjab in his article titled College Libraries in Punjab Some Problems Re-Considered. Article is based on the personal observations of the author. He grouped these problems into three parts i. e. problems related to the management of colleges, problems concerned with principals of colleges and finally those related to library staff . Shortage of staff, inadequate funds, physical facilities, circulation of books, stock verifications and library hours etc. were the facets discussed in paper.Martin (1976) in his article User Studies and Library Planning discussed the user studies and appraised their role in library planning. Author provided various guidelines for conducting user studies and concluded that user data strengthens the planning and decision-making processes at several levels, so the responses of users should be an integral part of the ongoing practice of librarians, providing constant feedback. Coker (1993) has written a useful article titled Libraries Verses Users?How and How Not to Deter Library Users. Author examined the various factors influencing theattitude of users towards libraries and also took into consideration the socioeconomic, technological, physical/technical and psychological/ emotional conditions shaping up the perceptions of non users, inhibit users and potential users. Wildemuth (20 03) in article titled Why Conduct User Studies? The Role of Empirical Evidence in Improving the Practice of Librarianship emphasized that by gathering evidences about library users, their interactions with library services and materials and context in which those materials and services are used, librarians can make sound decisions for the future.Author discussed on the methodology for conducting user studies and utilization of results as root for decision making. Carr (2006) What Users Want An Academic Hybrid Library Perspective. Author described the development of user centered approach in academic libraries over the recent decades. He wrote that largely unquestioned user get what we give them attitude was being transformed into what do users essential? approach. The failure to take what users want into account would leave academic library high and dry in the desert of lost opportunities. Definition of Terms utilise in the Case Study.1. Library is derived from the old French l ibraries which means a collection of book. 2. Librarian the person who is in charged in the library. 3. Computer is composed of the hardware, software and people. 4. Book reading material. 5. Staff the assistant of the librarian. CHAPTER 3 THE EXISTING SYSTEM The diagrams below represent the flow of the existing system of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System. It shows also the Equipments and Software used. Context Level selective information Flow plot of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System.Diagram 0 Next Level of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System Level 1Diagram Showing the Decomposition of Process 2. 0 from the Level 0 Diagram Status AvailableBook Book Information Details of Books Student Receipt Equipment Currently Used, Specifications, and Cost The table below shows the Equipment and Currently Used, Specifications, and Cost of the Existing System. contribution SUPPLIES QUANTITY UNIT PRICE heart Ball pen / penc il 15 10. 00 150. 00 Log Book 2 54. 75 109. 50 Paper require 5 75. 00 375. 00 Envelope 26 4. 25 110. 50 Stapler 1 85. 25 85. 25 Total 830. 25 FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT.COST VALUE get Computer Package 26,975. 00 1 26,975. 00 selection Cabinet 1,568. 00 1 1,568. 00 Electric Fan 800. 00 4 3200. 00 Chairs 280. 00 48 13,440. 00 Tables 850. 00 8 6,500. 00 Total 51,683. 00 Software Currently Used and Cost The table below shows the Software Currently Used and Cost. SOFTWARE COST make sense Windows 7 1000. 00 1000. 00 Microsoft Office 2000. 00 2000. 00 Total 3000. 00 CHAPTER 4 THE PROPOSED SYSTEM Methods of interrogation Used The proponents used RAD method by planning the requirements for the system and meet to assign the own task of the members of the proponents.The proponents give a date for deadline where the proponents will meet for the easier and fast way, the proponents talk through internet to compile their assigned task and finished the system. Data Gathering Instruments Interview is defined as a meeting to people face to face to cinfer about something or an act of a questioning to receive a desired answer that is necessary in solving a specific problem. Interview benefits the researches in the sense that this will be used in gathering facts. The interviews will be conducted on the July 12, 2014 and to that respondent who uses the system directly.The diagrams below represent the flow of the proposed system of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System. Level 1 Context Level Data Flow Diagram of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System Level 1 Diagram 0 Next Level of Christian Family Center School Foundation Library System Level 1 Diagram Showing Decomposition of Process 1. 0 from the Level 1 Diagram 0 Program Flowchart Equipment Currently Used, Specifications, and Cost The table below shows the Equipment and Currently Used, Specifications, and Cost of the Existing System.OFFICE SUPPLIES QUANTITY UNIT PRICE TOTAL Ball pen / pen cil 15 10. 00 150. 00 Log Book 2 54. 75 109. 50 Paper Pack 5 75. 00 375. 00 Envelope 26 4. 25 110. 50 Stapler 1 85. 25 85. 25 Total 830. 25 FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT COST VALUE TOTAL Computer Package 26,975. 00 1 26,975. 00 Filling Cabinet 1,568. 00 1 1,568. 00 Total 28,543. 00 Software Currently Used and Cost The table below shows the Software Currently Used and Cost. SOFTWARE COST TOTAL Windows 7 1000. 00 1000. 00 Microsoft Office 2000. 00 2000. 00 Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Express 1000. 00 1000. 00 Total 4000. 00.

Balance Sheet and Sylvan Essay

On January 1 2007, Pillar purchased 60% of the common shares of sylvan for $4,500. On that assure, silvan had common shares of $1,250 and retained earnings of $3,000. Fair apprises were equal to carrying nurses for all Sylvans net assets except stock certificate, capital assets and notes payable. The fair value of inventory was $60 more than word of honor value, the book value of capital assets was $100 greater than fair value and the Notes payable had a fair value of $150 less than book value. Assume that all shares of Sylvan have the same value and no control premium was paid at the date of acquisition. The Consolidated Financial statements will be prepared using IFRS Entity Method.The financial statements for Pillar and Sylvan for the year ended declination 31, 2010 were as follows match Sheets declination 31, 2010$000sPILLARSYLVANCash$680$435Accounts receivable1,7551,025Inventory2,8491,790Capital assetsnet3,9763,000Investment in Sylvan4,500Total assets$13,760$6,250Curren t liabilities$400$255Notes payable5,8001,185Common shares2,0001,250Retained earnings5,5603,560Total$13,760$6,250Statements of Income and Retained EarningsYear Ended December 31, 2010PILLARSYLVANSales and all other Income$4,040$2,710 damage of sales1,6001,1402,4401,570Amortization(480)(310)Other expenses and losses including taxes(500)(210)Net income1,4601,050Additional information numbers in $000s1. Capital assets are to be amortized over an come remaining useful life of 8 years at January 1, 2007 and the notes payable mature on December 31, 2011. Goodwill impairment losses for 2008 and 2010 were $240 and $300 respectively. now line amortization is acceptable for all acquisition differentials.2. At December 31, 2010, Sylvans inventory included goods purchased from Pillar for $760. Total purchases from Pillar in 2010 were $1000 all priced at mark-ups averaging 25% of Pillars cost.3. On December 31, 2009, the inventories of Pillar contained $500 of merchandise purchased from Sylvan. Sylvan earns a egregious margin of 30% on all sales to Pillar. During December 2010, Pillar purchased merchandise from Sylvan for $900 and did not pay for$250 of the purchases by December 31, 2010. 40% of the inventory was resold by Pillar before the year end.4. On July 1, 2010, Sylvan sold a new tract of Land to Pillar for $170. On December 1, 2009, Sylvan had bought the land for $200. The fair market value of the land at July 1, 2010 was $220.5. On September 30, 2008, Pillar sold Land to Sylvan for $100. The land had a book value of $60 on the date of the sale.6. On December 1, 2010, Pillar and Sylvan declared and paid dividends of $150 and $100 respectively.7. Both companies pay taxes at the rate of 40%. Assume all intercompany Transactions are taxed at 40%REQUIRED Please use a GREEN BOOKLET1. puddle a Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2010. (22 Marks) 2. Prepare an independent calculation of ENDING Consolidated Retained Earnings at December 31, 2010. (11 marks) 3. As sume Pillar wishes to use the equity method in their General Ledger, calculate Investment income from Sylvan for the year ending December 31, 2010 (10 Marks)NOTEThis uncertainty will help you prepare for the technical question on the midterm. Do more than the question asks so that you are prepared for any possible questions you whitethorn be asked Eg. Prepare a Consolidated Income statement and an independent calculation of Consolidated Net Income attributable to Parent company shareholders Calculate the Investment Income on a lower floor the equity method Note the only difference surrounded by the equity method utilize when significant Influence is present and the equity method used in the general ledger of the parent when control is present is the treatment of downstream transactions. According to IAS 28.28 all unrealized intercompany pelf are eliminated proportionately between investor and investee. Therefore if investor owns 30% of investee, 30% of all unrealized profits/l osses are removed. When control exists the parent eliminates upstream proportionately with NCI and downstream unrealized profits are eliminated 100% from parent. Check figuresAt December 31, 2010Goodwill at acquisition ($3,140)$2,600Consolidated total Assets$17,615.6Capital assets$6916Consolidated Retained Earnings$5331.28NCI Balance Sheet$2924.32Consolidated Net Income Entity$2052.1Attributable to Parent shareholders1754.78Attributable to NCI$297.32Investment account Balance sheet equity method$4,271.28Investment income equity method 2010$354.78(removing 100% downstream)

Assess the Claim That Class Differences in Educational

ASSESS THE CLAIM THAT CLASS DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT ARE PRIMARILY THE RESULT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS. In this essay impertinent factors willing be assessed. On average, tikeren from eye- crystalize families perform infract than work dissever children. The gap between the grade percentages grow wider as children get older. It is prove that 77% of children from a higher professional background achieve five or to a greater extent A*-C at GCSE. Whereas only 35% children from a habitude background achieve five or more A*-C grades at GCSE. These statistics show that there is a persistent gap in the achievement levels of work word form and middle year pupils.There atomic number 18 two factors related to home background that sociologists argue may lead to differences in a pupils nurtureal achievement. The prototypic is CULTURAL FACTORS. some(a) sociologists argue that most of us begin to acquire the basic values, attitudes and key skills that are needed for educati onal success through primitive socialisation in the family. However, these sociologists also believe that many operative class families fail to socialise their children in the right way. Therefore these children are culturally divest.The three main areas of cultural deprivation are intellectual development, language, and attitudes and values. Intellectual development was discovered by a sociologist called Douglas. Douglas conducted a longitudinal study of 5362 children born(p) in 1964. He followed them through primary and secondary coach and found that children of the same measured ability at age 7 varied a great deal at age 11 depending on their social class. He basically found that working class did badly and middle class did well. Douglas also found that working class pupils were less wishly to continue in further education after the age of 16.Douglas believed that middle class children buzz off more attention and stimulus from their parents in their early years. Douglas b elieved that working class parents took their children to parks in the day time, put them in front of the television, and gave them not very educational toys. He also believed that middle class parents gave their children a head start by taking them to m expenditureums, libraries and bought them educational toys, like jigsaw puzzles and talking toys. lingual deprivation is a theory argued by Basil Bernstein. Bernstein believed there are two types of language used.Restricted inscribe Typically used by working class people, they use limited vocabulary, and use short simple sentences. The speech is predict open and context bound (which means the speaker assumes the meeter shares same views/experiences) Elaborated code Typically used by middle-class people, the speaker has a wider vocabulary and speech is varied. Context free (which means the speaker does not assume the listener shares same views/experiences and uses language to explain meanings) Bernstein believed that the success of a pupil depends heavily on language.The ability to read and understand books, to write clearly and to be able to explain yourself fully in both speech and writing are key language skills required for success in education. If these skills are not actual in the family, then a child will be at a disadvantage in education. Teachers in drills are more likely to use context free elaborated code, as it is more descriptive and explanatory. Also, the elaborated code is the typical way of speaking for the middle class, and not many working class people will become teachers.However, some pupils may not understand the elaborated code and may switch off preventing discipline in the classroom. The elaborated code may benefit middle class students after school, for example in college, university and job interviews. Middle class students can express themselves better which then gives a better impression than maybe one of a working class background could not. Attitudes and values is the third area of cultural deprivation. Some sociologists argue that parents attitudes and values are a key factor affecting a pupils educational achievement.Douglas argued that working class parents attitudes prevent children from achieving in education. He believed that middle class parents were more sidelineed in their childrens education. For example, visit the school more frequently, encourage their children to stay on in further education, and help their children with school work. He found that working class parents place less value on education, were less ambitious for their children, gave them less encouragement and took less interest in their education, they visited their schools less often, and were less likely to discuss their childrens progress with teachers.As a result of this, the children had lower levels of motivation. There are many reasons why working class parents may place less value on education, maybe they havent experienced the benefits of college and universities so t hey dont value further education as much. Working class parents may be less ambitious because they have seen how their peers and family members have turned out and think there is no daub in focussing on education because none of their peers/family members achieved in education and theyre getting on with their lives.Working class parents may show less interest as they personally dont enjoy their lives, there is no motivation to even get out of bed in the morning, let unaccompanied push for their child to do well in school. Sugarman (1970) believed lack of parental interest in their childrens education reflects the sub-cultural values of the working class. Large sections of the working class have different goals, beliefs, attitudes and values from the rest of society and this is why their children fail at school. Sugarman believes there are four key features Fatalism- The attitude of what will be will be (working class).The attitude of to change through efforts (middle class). Colle ctivism- Value being part of a group (working class) Immediate gratification Vs Deferred gratification- Want abide by as soon as possible ,leave school and go straight into work to make money (working class). Present- time orientation- Seeing the present as more important (working class). Seeing planning for the future, more important (middle class). Cultural deprivation recognises the importance of social (not biological causes of class inequalities in educational attainment.Research has been conducted which supports these theories. However, it blames the individual for their failure, it ignores the square up of school and peer pressure by only focussing on the home. The theory is deterministic- it assumes that all working class will fail. It is very stereotypical and involves a judgement that the culture of one class is better than another. However, the cultural deprivation theory has been influential and did at one time influence the government to advance parenting skills by r unning a programme in the U.S called OPERATION HEAD START. This organisation helped working class families by health visitors and educational psychologists visiting their homes, and learning programmes for deprived children. In the U. K (2000) SURE START was launched. Sure start is a major element in the British governments policy to tackle penury and social exclusion. The second factor related to home background is MATERIAL DEPRIVATION. According to the Halifax building society (2006). A private education for a child between the ages of three to 18, will cost ? 26,000. This shows that middle-class parents take great care and money into providing a better education for their child. Some sociologists see corporal deprivation as the main cause of underachievement. This argument states that working class children are disadvantaged because they are more likely to lack material factors that are necessary to create a good educational environment. For example, good housing, clothes, heal thy food, length to study, lack of educational books and educational equipment.Facts show that exclusion and truancy are more likely for children from poorer families. Nearly 90% of failing schools are located in deprived areas. Jesson & Grays 1991 Nottinghamshire study revealed that half of the pupils receiving free school meals had low GCSE scores as opposed to one sixth of pupils. This fact proves that material deprivation is a massive reason for pupils under achieving in education. Children that do not have the books and writing equipment are less likely to succeed because they are getting further and further behind.There are many factors that impact on the educational attainment of working class children. Pupils may not have the time to do school work at home, due to maybe a sick parent or a busy household. Working class families are less likely to own their own home, rented accommodation is less constant as they could be asked to leave. This means the child will fall behind, get in trouble with the teachers , creating a reputation for themselves. Pupils may not have the space at home to do homework, due to bigger working class families, smaller houses.The parents of working class pupils may not be able to open fire money for educational trips, resulting in lack of understanding of a subject, looked lower by peers at school. They may not have access to educational materials like computers and software. There are so many important facts that as a sociologist you have to remember and take into consideration. However, both middle class and working class are affected by economic down turn recently (the recession). Family break- down in both classes can affect the childs gentility or emotional well being, regardless of class. To conclude

Myth of sisyphus

How was the text borrowed from other texts, and with w eyelid effects? How has he borrowed from other texts and to what effects? Introduction Thesis Campus has borrowed philosophical ideas from other writers which has influenced his interpretation for the existence of an individual in the main described within his works with The Myth of Sisyphus as well as his other well know novels. Prominent in Europe in the nineteenth and 20th century Existentialism is defined by the slogan Existence precedes Essence.This meaner We catch no predetermined nature or essence that controls what we atomic number 18, what we do, or hat is valu commensurate for us. We are radically free to act indep hold onently of determination by outside influences. We make believe our own human nature through these free choices. We also create our values through these choices. carve up 1 Transition statement These prominent ideas have been analyzed in various texts to specifically loose a philosophers interpreta tion for the life of an individual. This particular stand can be seen Through the comparison amongst Myth of Sisyphus and Dostoevsky works.Though they both(prenominal) believe in the existence of an individual that the society rejects and hat is the existentialist, thither are many other instances which makes these two philosophers unique from one another. The Possessed (sometimes translated as The Devils). KRILL Campus says that this suicide, however, is not an act of despair, barely a creative act in which Krill hopes, in a sense, to become God. His suicide is essentially an strive to sacrifice himself and to show the world the wild freedom that we all have, so that those that follow him might be able to live more freely.Though Dostoevsky wrestled with absurd themes, he ultimately placed his religious belief in God. In this sense, Campus concludes, he is more of an existentialist than an absurdist. Campus was able to Justify his thinking of suicide and his strong held beli ef in a life without a god. Paragraph 2 Transition Statement Focusing on the ideas of faith and the bona fide happiness gained from acceptance of it, The Myth of Sisyphus explores it with connection to the story of Oedipus.In accepting their fate, Sisyphus and Oedipus have abandoned hope, and so their fate does not seem horrible to them. On the contrary, they have finally found the only genuine happiness. Oedipus becomes a tragic figure only when he becomes aware that he has killed his father and married his mother. He also remarks that both Sisyphus and Oedipus are ultimately happy, that they conclude that all is well. Sisyphus He knows that he will agitate forever and he knows that this struggle will get him nowhere.This awareness is precisely the same awareness that an absurd man has in this life. The above point also relates to Oedipus where he knows that being acceptable for his his situations and faith, his point of think for society will change and will learn to decide hi s own faith. Redeem of choice- being able understand that only you control your own life. Campus identifies Sisyphus as the archetypal absurd hero, both for his behavior on earth and for his punishment in the underworld. He displays scorn for the gods, a hatred of death, and a passion for life. going against Dostoevsky ideas on faith and religion Paragraph 3 Transition Statement The futility of ones life is an evident theme in Homers and Camass interpretation for The Myth of Sisyphus. Both homer and Campus address the futility of Sisyphus labor. Futile punishment dead to their inessential and extreme punishment Campus also emphasizes this idea in his interpretation for the myth of Sisyphus. Working as a highschoolwayman, Sisyphus had been condemned to a punishments for his immoral acts.He was punished for the letting out the secret of a misdeed that was done by the classical god Jupiter. Jupiter wrongdoings for abducting Ageing was of less concern than Sisyphus act of telling he nce, Sisyphus was punishment with a unserviceable labor of rolling a rock up a hill. The futility of this punishment is that the rock will last roll down and Sisyphus would have to start again. These events show the absurdist of the society through the extremes donation in both the texts.This very idea has influenced Camass writing and has been evident in his novel The outsider In the novel The outsider , Muralist is punished for his unmindful murder of an Arab however, society does not seem to punish him for that. Due to his reticent and cold personality, Muralist is rather punished for his supposedly inhumane reaction towards the death of his own mother. Most of the witnesses had not been there during the murder at all. They were all present only during the funeral and could only talk about that particular event.Due to the high emphasis on his mothers death, Muralist was given a death penalty as the society rejected his individualism. This tells us the absurdity of their puni shment as they were both completely unjust. They both are happy at the end and accept their fates. Conclusion Through the different philosophical ideas present in the above texts, we see how writers have mold deed Camass thinking which are evident in his works of literature. Sisyphus He displays scorn for the gods, a hatred of death, and a passion for life.Dostoevsky and Campus show contrast in their manner of thinking about individualism. existence Russians- from religious French- didnt matter. Dostoevsky ultimately concludes that we cannot live without faith, while Campus believes that we can. Muralist abhorrent towards anyone who tries to change his views on god- Muralist agitated but trunk and stands strong for his point of view even though society punches him with it to the ground. Overall, most of the philosophical ideas of Campus are present within in works of literature are influenced by the great writers of philosophy in the 19th and 20th century.

Narrator in Mark Twain’s “Huckleberry Finn” Essay

level pair chose huck Finn to be the narrator to make the story more(prenominal) realistic and so that curb orthodontic braces could get the reader to examine their own attitudes and beliefs by comparing themselves to huck, a simple uneducated character. mates was limited in expressing his thoughts by the fact that Huck Finn is a living, breathing person who is telling the story. Since the hold back is written in first person, Twain had to put himself in the place of a thirteen-year-old son of the township drunkard. He had to see livelihood as Huck did and had to create a character that could see life as Mark Twain saw it. Huck is more than Twains mouthpiece because he is a living character and is capable of shaping the story.The lyric that Huck uses shows what he sees and how he pull up stakes pass it on to us. Something else that is app arent is that the humor of the book often depends on Hucks language. In chapter fourteen, Huck is telling Jim about royalty in general wh ich is an example of humor through language and incomplete education although sometimes he is not that far from the truth.They royalty dont do null Why, how you talk They conscionable set round.No is dat so?Of course it is. They just set aroundexcept, maybe, when theres a war then they go to war. But other times they just lazy around or go hawkingjust hawkingwhen things is dull, they fuss with the parlyment and if everybody dont go just so he whacks their heads off. But mostly they hang round the harem.However, by apply Hucks language Twain creates character and establishes realism. Huck is capable of making Twain salve something merely because it is not the engaging of thing Huck would say or do, and he faeces mash Twain to permit something out because Huck would not do or say that kind of thing.Huck is essentially good-hearted, but he is looked down upon by the rest of the village. He dislikes civilized ways because they are too restrictive andhard. He is generally ignora nt of reading and writing, but he has a crisply developed sensibility. He is imaginative and clever, and has a good eye for detail, though he does not of all time understand everything he sees, or its significance. This enables Twain to make great use of irony. Huck is basically a realist. He knows only what he sees and experiences. He does not have a great deal of belief in things he reads or hears. He must experiment to find out what is true and what is not. With this kind of constitution, Huck is able to believe Jims superstition at some times and to distrust others.He also see Huck as he is, the opposite of tom turkey Sawyer. He is as stated before, a realist, and generally a regular person except when he goes off on Toms adventures or when he follows Toms lead. He is not sivilizable. The end of the book makes this clear. He is where he was in the beginning he left the Widows house, and he will leave Aunt Sallys. Something in society and civilization appalls Huck.Huck learns from Jim, who is in some ways his supplant father. He does not believe in Jims superstition until the superstition proves itself true. He mocks the snakeskin until the snakeskin does its work. Huck rises to Jims level by accepting Jims superstitions. Huck enters Jims primitive world which, though crude, is more honest and real than Miss Watsons world. He cannot go beyond this world. He wont pray because he has not had any benefits from prayer.Huck is involved in adventures and is continually bothered by his conscience. All during the trip down river, he tries to answer the question whether hes doingright by the Widows sister and by Jim, or not. The obsession with justicehas him confused. Whatever he chooses to do, hes wrong. Hes wronging Jim if he returns him to slavery hes wronging Miss Watson if he helps Jim escape. Huck has no way of knowing what is right. He must follow his feelings and the only thing he can do is to learn by experience. And he does.Using Huck Finn as the narr ator of the book allowed Mark Twain to add more life, excitement, and realism in his writings. We can only think how good Mark Twain was at languages by how he writes. Twain created Huck, but soon Huck had his own personality and life and Mark Twain had to write with this character.

Report on Intelligence and link to Gender

In my larn I am traveling to spill the beans about experience hop onncy specifying the word scholarship, IQ proving and theoreticians act upon up on intelligence, if on that point is any(prenominal) grounds conjugate with fetch up differences in intelligence. I will include possible portions that may impact gender differences in intelligence for case environmental and biological factors. The modes I will utilize to acquire grounds for this culture are as follows I will utilize books on what theoreticians findings are on this topic, use the profit and diaries. The intent of this survey is to happen out, if there are any possible differences in the midst of gender, and associating this to intelligence. Encarta dictionary explanation of intelligence is the big businessman to larn facts and accomplishments and use them . Deary s ( 2001, p.17 ) definition of intelligence is a very general mental capableness that, among other things, involves the ability to ground, p rogram, work out jobs, think abstractly, comprehend compound thoughts, learn rapidly and larn from experience . Galton s familial mastermind is to situate with the different degrees of intelligence measured by familial factors. Galton thought that higher intelligence was being passed down to kids. Day, Macaskill, & A Maltby ( 2007 p.258 ) nation that intelligent people show the ability to react to the big scope of information gown(prenominal)ed through their senses . So the 5 senses of the tender organic structure are critical a lot(prenominal) as odor, gustatory champ, hearing, weed and touch because this will find how intelligent a case-by-case may be, if they do non utilize their senses right, the individual will stem less intelligence than those who privy for case, a individual does non cognize the difference amid Sweet and sodium chloridey. A babe s gustatory sensation and odor buds are really full(a) because, the babe will cognize when it is clip for dinner by utilizing their odor sense. Babies use gustatory sensation buds good because when my brother was younger he would prefer to eat the sweet food instead than the salt nutrient, it would take him longer to eat the salty nutrient, on the other manus when eating the sweet nutrient it wo nt take every bit long as the salt nutrient. Cattell s mental trial is to shop with mensurating a individual s intelligence through hearing and weight these experiments were carried out utilizing the psychometric notional account. Problems with this experiment Chamorro premuzic ( 2007, p. 67 ) examined this and suggested that therefore, most of the variables he measured were some(prenominal) elemental than mental , and referred to really introductory cognitive procedures that are now known to be related to intelligence . From this re set up you crumb earn that the experiment he did was more on the indispensable side of things such as how good minor can hear and non based on mental accompli shments such as numeracy, jobs work outing or literacy. The IQ trial was developed by two Gallic scientists, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, the intent of the trial was to measure kids at school so that stupid kids or kids with behavioral troubles could nonplus equal and appropriate instruction. IQ proving is to make with mensurating your intelligence for illustration comprehension, job resolution and concluding accomplishments. Criticisms of IQ proving are as follows they do non accurately step intelligence, and every wizard has different strengths and failings in different countries of intelligence, such as person could be good at job resolution, precisely have a failing in concluding accomplishments and another individual could be good at concluding accomplishments and non really good on job resolution. Howard Gardner ( multiple intelligence possible action ) he put together eight different intelligence trials which were Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-kines thetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Naturalist. Criticism of the Theory like many an(prenominal) theories environing intelligence, Gardner s theory of multiple intelligences is controversial and widely criticised. In peculiar, there is uncertainty over his privation observed informations many feel that the 8 intelligences are hardly alternate names for specific endowments or even personality types.MethodologyI have utilise books, the cyberspace and diaries to roll up my informations. This method of interrogationing is called secondary research. Secondary research is the usage of stuff, which has been researched by person else. The different research methods for secondary research are as follows engineering based and instance surveies. Technology based research is to make with researching from the reckoning machine to acquire your information, which has a batch of benefits such as the cyberspace provides on-line libraries e-books, diaries and encyclopedia. The chief electronic databases I have used for my research were as follows Psycinfo, Psychology & A Behavioural Sciences Collection and British ED index. The cardinal read was based on, intelligence and gender differences and how the hunt found a name of diaries, but some were irrelevant, to what I was looking for. You can download information off the meshing but make certain it is copyright free. Search engines aid you through the mass of information on the Internet two most popular hunt engines are yahoo and google etc besides on the cyberspace you can seek for newspaper articles. Case surveies published by other research workers can be used as secondary footing of informations. There is a batch of ways you can utilize them such as identify differences and discuss comparings.I did non utilize primary research because this is to make with transporting out your ain research. The different research methods for primary research are interviews, experiments, questionnaires and observati ons etc. I did nt utilize this method because I did nt hold adequate clip to make this if I did I would hold done questionnaires to acquire my findings.lit reappraisalThere has been a batch of work done on intelligence and how this is linked to gender differences. Alan Feingold ( 1988 ) examined sex differences for spelling, verbal logical thinking, numerical ability, spatial relationship and linguistic communication and many more. some other individual who studied this was Larry Hedges and Amy Nowell ( 1995 ) , who looked at reading comprehension, diction, mathematics, scientific discipline and spacial ability ( which is to make with the ability to retrieve things by looking at objects and retrieving them ) . Maccoby and Jacklin ( 1974 ) suggested that work forces on norm do wear out on trials of spacial ability than bountiful fe mannishs do. Supporting this ( Feingold, 1988 Hedges & A Nowell, 1995 ) who have done surveies on spacial trials have proven this hypothesis. In con trast ( Feingold, 1988 Hedges & A Nowell, 1995 ) have similarities in their experiments for illustration they both tested numeracy accomplishments and literacy accomplishments. On the other manus adult females do better on reading comprehension and vocabulary than work forces do. APA study responsibleness that some verbal undertakings show significant average differences favoring females. These include synonym multiplication and verbal eloquence ( e.g. calling words that start with a given missive ) , with consequence size runing from d= 0.5 to 1.2 ( Gordon & A Lee, 1986 Hines 1990 ) . Males have larger psyches than females and brainiac size is positively correlated with intelligence. Among kids up to the age of around 14 yr the sex differences are smaller because misss mature earlier than male childs. blend in done by Lubinski and Humphreys ( 1990 ) found that the criterion of divergence for males to be 7 per centum larger than for females. It has besides been hypothesi sed that work forces s higher IQ mark may be direct effect of their larger mentality sizes, a claim that has been backed up by consistent grounds of correlativities in the part of.30 between encephalon size and IQ tonss ( Rushton & A Ackney 1996 ) . Macintosh ( 2007, p. 184 ) provinces that the critics would hold been better advised to oppugn whether one can do reasonable illations about differences in IQ between groups from grounds of their differences in the encephalon plus grounds of a within-group correlativity between encephalon size and IQ . environmental factor impacting intelligence environmental factors play a big function in finding IQ in certain state of affairss. Malnutrition correlates with lower IQ, proposing that proper nutrition in childhood is critical for cognitive development. ( Cole, 200026 ) Even before kids go to school their parents will handle a male child and girlfriend really different. Even in society throughout history this has occurred. A batch of r esearch has bypast into this your gender is an issue from the minute you are born. Automatically society will state how a miss will act and how a male child will act. If it is a male child, oh he s like that because he s a male child and boys ever take longer to hold on it. The thought that intelligence and personality are mostly inherited has of import educational deductions. Environmental factors, e.g. household experiences, upbringing and schooling play a major function. ( Chamorro-Premuzic, 200899 ) . Biological factor impacting intelligence are as follows encephalon size, encephalon operation and testosterone. Testosterone is to make with males endocrines these are substances that travel around the human organic structure to consequence physiological activity, such as growing and metamorphosis Maltby et Al ( 2007, p.360 ) .Consequences or findingsThe figure below is from Hines ( 2003 ) and shows the magnitudes of some well-known sex differences in human behavior compared to t he magnitude of the sex difference in tallness.hypertext transfer protocol //sexes.martinsewell.com/Hines2003-1-1.pngThis graph shows that work forces do good in three-D rotary motion 0.8 divergence units, maths job 0.3 divergence units, maths concept 0.1 divergence units which non much because the consequence size is little. On the other manus this graph shows that verbal eloquence is low in male childs than misss because vitamin D is a negative figure, which shows -0.3 on the graph.This tabular array shows the spread in 1989 was merely 6 % but 10yrs later it had increased to 10 % . It is suggested by S. Ball ( 2008 ) that this spread is an overall statistic and non capable particular he suggests that in 2004 the divergences of this spread was merely 1 % and that in some topics boys achieve better consequences than misss therefore it is non valid to state that all male childs or all misss achieve less in Gcse degreesDiscussionThe of import issues that I have found are that male chi lds have larger encephalon sizes than misss, which is linked to better IQ trial tonss for male childs than misss. Another issue that I found is that male childs tend to make better on spacial accomplishments they find mathematics and scientific discipline more interesting to larn about. But on the other manus misss to break on verbal, comprehension and vocabulary accomplishments than male childs do. The importance of this survey was to happen out if there were any differences between genders in intelligence besides I was interested in happening this out so I undertook my research study on this topic. During the procedure of garnering the information, it was really interesting to happen out that work forces have bigger encephalons than adult females, which gives them better IQ mark than adult females.Decisions and recommendationsThe intent of this survey is to happen out, if there are any possible differences between gender, and associating this to intelligence. From do my resear ch in this field, I have found that there is non much difference between male and females and theoreticians have backed this statement up for many old ages. Neisser 1996 province that most standard trials of intelligence have been constructed so that there are no overall mark differences between females and males . The chief issues that affect intelligence in gender Boys do better on spacial trials than misss in contrast to this misss do better in verbal, comprehension and vocabulary accomplishments. Brain size of males is bigger than females encephalon size which consequences in work forces acquiring better IQ tonss than adult females. If I canalise out this survey once more, I would do betterments to the research I have done, by making my ain research in this field to see what consequences I get from making this, I can make this by transporting out questionnaires on IQ. Another manner I could better my research is questioning people to take the IQ trial. With these consequences I can compare them to one another, to happen out if there are any possible differences.

Living with My Parents vs. Living Independently

nourishment With My Parents vs. Living Independently I always theory that moving out of my parents house would be an exciting new start to life. Apparently nobody archetype to explain to me how stressful and cost-consuming life really is outside the comfort of mommy and papadys embrace. Living with my parents and alive independently differ exponentially, but living with my parents isnt nearly as dreadful as I thought it to be as a teenager. The first upsetting difference between living alone rather than with my parents is the food.When I lived with my parents, it was easy to eat a healthy, scale cooked meal and not permit to worry about preparing it. It usually just appeared on the table as an alluring plate of delectability without having to lift a finger. On the other hand, trying to make a meal is much more complicated when living alone. The freezer is normally stocked full of microwavable foods that taste like plastic and the refrigerator maybe has some five-day-old milk .Gaining weight is easier than ever when the only cuisine available is fatty and nutritionally deficient. The flake depressing part of living alone is the money, or more precisely, the lack thereof. When residing at my mom and dads house, wasting money on luxuries was the most exciting part. Not to mention my parents seemingly eonian amount of money to help pay for anything and everything was always a plus. Saving money was even likely at the time. But now, living independently definitely has its drawbacks.How many bills can possibly come in one month? With barely enough money to pay the bills, how is a girl supposed to frequent for anything other than frozen goodies and Ramen? And forget about trying to save any cash, rummaging through my coin jounce has become my favorite new hobby. Furthermore, who knew that modify didnt just magically happen? Coming home from work and school to a clean house was definitely a convenience, though it went unnoticed at the time. I was previousl y unaware that so many things in the house could get dirty.The cleaning neer stops Piles of laundry lay scattered across the floor of the house because apparently not every house comes equipped with a washer and dryer Living with my parents might have been unendurable at times, but it made life so much easier. Not having to worry about food, money, and cleaning probably doesnt seem like a big deal to most people, but its definitely a luxury. I appreciate how easy and carefree life was while living with my parents because I now realize how arduous life can really be.

Historical Development of Continental Philosophy’s Existentialism Essay

Absolute Idealism left distinct marks on many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) facets of Western culture. True, science was indifferent to it, and common sense was perhaps stupefied by it, but the sterling(prenominal) political movement of the ordinal and twentieth centuries Marxismwas to a significant degree an outgrowth of Absolute Idealism. (Bertrand Russell remarked somewhere that Marx was nothing more than Hegel mixed with British economic theory. ) Nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature, theology, and even art felt an influence.The Romantic composers of the nineteenth century, for example, with their fondness for expanded form, vast orchestras, complex scores and soaring melodies, searched for the all-encompassing musical statement. In doing so, they mirror the efforts of the metaphysicians whose vast and imposing systems were sources of inspiration to many artists and composers. As we have said, much of what happened in philosophy afterward Hegel was in respo nse to Hegel.This response took different forms in English-speaking countries and on the European continentso different that philosophy in the twentieth century was split into two traditions or, as we might scan nowadays, two conversations. So-called analytic philosophy and its offshoots became the predominant tradition of philosophy in England and eventually in the United States. The response to Hegelian idealism on the European continent was quite different until now and is kn declare (at least in English-speaking countries) as Continental philosophy.Mean while, the United States developed its own brand of philosophycalled pragmatismbut ultimately analytic philosophy became firmly entrenched in the United States as well. Within Continental philosophy may be found various identifiable schools of philosophical thought existentialist philosophy, phenomenology, hermeneutics, deconstruction, and critical theory. Two influential schools were existentialism and phenomenology, and we will begin this chapter with them.Both existentialism and phenomenology have their roots in the nineteenth century, and many of their themes can be traced back to Socrates and even to the pre- Socratics. apiece school of thought has influenced the other to such an extent that two of the most famous and influential Continental philosophers of this century, Martin Heidegger (18891976) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 1980), are important figures in both movements, although Heidegger is primarily a phenomenologist and Sartre primarily an existentialist.Some of the main themes of existentialism are traditional and academic philosophy is sterile and remote from the concerns of real life. Philosophy must boil down on the individual in her or his confrontation with the world. The world is irrational (or, in any event, beyond total comprehending or accurate conceptualizing through philosophy). The world is absurd, in the sense that no ultimate write up can be given for why it is the way it is. Senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and inability to communicate pervade mankind existence. better-looking birth to anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair as well as the individual confronts as the most important feature of human existence, the necessity to choose how he or she is to live within this absurd and irrational world. Now, many of these themes had already been introduced by those brooding thinkers of the nineteenth century, Arthur Schopenhauer (see previous chapter), Soren Kierkegaard, and Friedrich Nietzsche. All three had a strong antipathy for the optimistic idealism of Hegeland for metaphysical systems in general. Such philosophy, they thought, ignored the human predicament.For all three the universe, including its human inhabitants, is seldom rational, and philosophical systems that seek to make everything seem rational are just futile attempts to spank pessimism and despair. This impressive-sounding word denotes the philosophy that grew out of the work of Edmund Husserl (18591938). In brief, phenomenology interests itself in the essential structures found within the germinate of conscious experiencethe stream of phenomenaas these structures manifest themselves independently of the assumptions and presuppositions of science.Phenomenology, much more than existentialism, has been a increase of philosophers rather than of artists and writers. But like existentialism, phenomenology has had enormous impact outside philosophical circles. It has been especially influential in theology, the social and political sciences, and psychology and psychoanalysis. Phenomenology is a movement of thinkers who have a variety of interests and points of view phenomenology itself finds its antecedents in Kant and Hegel (though the movement regarded itself as anything but Hegelian).Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, argued that all objective knowledge is establish on phenomena, the data received in sensory experience. In Hegels Phenomenology of Mind, beings are treated as phenomena or objects for a consciousness. The world beyond experience, the real world assumed by natural science, is a world concerning which much is unknown and doubtful. But the world-in-experience, the world of pure phenomena, can be explored without the same limitations or uncertainties.