Candidate Cancer Meiosis Genes Literature review

Candidate malignant neoplastic disease Meiosis Genes - Literature review ExampleSome X-chromosome and non-X-chromosome CTAs expressed in normal cells apart from globe and in cancerous cells Literature Review 1. Introduction Carcinogenesis is a complex and multistage process. Cancer is rugged to track and it is important to detect it early so that therapeutic and surgical strategies can be developed to carry on cancer. However, it very much happens that by the time the symptoms of cancer ar detected in a person, the disease is already at a late stage and it becomes difficult to treat the person at that time. Also, the cancers do non only vary between tissue types but withal between patients. Moreover, the cells in a tumor ar a complex and diverse mix of cells that have different characteristics. Hence, identifying, detecting and treating cancer becomes difficult beca usage of the heterogeneous nature of the disease and its symptoms. At this juncture what is needed is that s uch a technology should be developed through which cancer cells can be easily detected or demarked with markers that are detail to cancer cells. This will help filter cancerous from noncancerous cells because of which it will become easier to detect cancer from a heterogeneous mix of cells. At the moment, high-quality biomarkers or molecular targets that are specific to cancer cells are lacking. The chase for such molecules is thus under high significance in the scientific community. A few molecules or antigenic biomarkers have already been identified. One such group of antigens that are gene-encoded are cancer orchis antigens (CTAs). CTAs under normal circumstances are present in the testes only because their genes are expressed in the testes. These genes are not expressed elsewhere. Research has shown that some of these genes that are only expressed in the testes are also expressed in other somatic cells when they become cancerous tumor cells. The cells in the testes often esca pe the cells of immune system, because of which they are protected from antibodies that are directed towards cancer-testis antigens. Because of this reason, it is a good option to use immunological therapies for diagnosing CTAs in cancerous somatic cells as the same antigens in the normal cells of the testes will remain unaffected. Therefore, it can be said that CTAs are good targets for both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and also immunological-based therapies like adoptive therapeutics. The number of CTA genes that can be used for diagnosis is less because many of these genes are also expressed in a few normal somatic cells. Some candidate CTA genes are generally turned on during the meiotic programme. These are called meiCT or CM genes. As the present query is based on these genes, this literature review will focus on these genes which are CM genes. In the review, the first discussion is on cancer. It is an introduction to cancer, describing the causes and stages of canc er and then moving on to hallmarks of cancer.

Finance in the Hospitality Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Finance in the Hospitality Industry - subsidization ExampleIt is worth mentioning in this regards that the borrowing percentage depends on the size of the industry. For instance, small-scale hospitality players, such(prenominal) as Queens Hotel London often borrow funds from whereas medium-sized hospitality systems are observed to citation funds from the small investment bodies, as to continue with their patronage processes (Hsyndicate, 2014).As already discussed above, there female genitals be various methods through which, income can be generated within a business or receipts operation. However, the levels of the contribution made by these income generation sources might vary to a substantial extent. For instance, in suit a hotel plans to purchase laundry equipment from an electronics equipment manufacturer, on behalf of the contract made, the laundry equipment manufacturer can charge the hotel each in terms of full payment or in terms of credit purchase. The contribution o f twain these methods in this context can be justified with reference to the fact that if the purchase can be completed through credit, the financial burden on the hotel is also quite likely to curve pop up or to get reduced to a substantial extent, in the short-run. However, this will increase the liability of the organization and likewise, may not prove to be a good source of funding in the broad run. Nevertheless, through the credit sales opportunity, the hotel and the equipment manufacturer will also get the opportunity of establishing the long-run business relationship with each other. Given the goodwill of the hotel on the basis of its regularity to pay back the credit amount this relationship may yield significant advantages to aid the financial needs of the organization pull ahead adding to its financial health. Thus, the purchase technique can also be recognized as a major contributor to generating income for both the business bodies.

Daniel Richter's Facing East from Indian Country. Book Report Essay

Daniel Richters Facing East from Indian Country. Book Report - Essay ExampleIn the course of this era, some of the fundamental groups changed to try to fit in the the Statesn society, and although Indians changed, they did not forget their delivery and their traditions. This essay will discuss how initial contacts involving the Europeans and Native Americans occurred in earlier days. Christopher capital of Ohio, an American author, was born in 1451 and died in 1506. Columbus reputation has for long had controversies, with the fact that his achievement in navigation cannot be alter from violence that represent the European contribution to the new world. Columbus discovery of America lead to close of most of the native groups found in America at the time of discovery. Columbus arrived in America while trying to explore the Asian markets, north Americas native people, populated most part of the continent. The connecting of the eastern and western regions marked the foundation of a n organized history, a process known as Columbian exchange. This affect a substitution of goods, for example, crops across the Atlantic Ocean. This distorted the economies of the world Native Americans approved animals much(prenominal) as, horses and cattle. Foods such as, tomatoes, potatoes, and corn were brought in by these populations and have so far been embraced worldwide. Jacques Cartier came from the French court to explore northwestward America, and in Chaleur Bay, he encountered aboriginal people who were the Micmac people. Their meeting was the first time the French and the natives traded furs. At first, the aboriginal people were friendly, but they changed their place and became hostile when they realized that the foreigners had come to interfere with their existence. Cartier tried to establish intermission among the people since his arrival. Prior to the coming of Christopher Columbus, it was thought that the aboriginal people did not have any history. In contrast, these people had developed a culture, which was not written they displayed their culture through song, dance and other tasty performances. Though Columbus claimed to have discovered America, many inhabitants had already settled in for many years. Columbuss arrival marked an era of contact Europeans and Native Americans that went on for an unusually long time. maitre dhotel buns smiths interactions with Indians were because of his relationships and dealings with their most influential leader, Powhatan. He had earlier been captured by Powhatan this led to the progress of their relationship. They formed an alliance in which smith would provide the colonists with food, this later developed to hostility of the highest degree. By the time John Smith, left Virginia there was a conflict between the English and Powhatan. As compared to other Europeans at that time, John Smith seemed to be open-minded about the natives, referred to them as social, and referred to their leaders as kings. Jo hn smith, was welcoming and persuasive, he even tried to integrate into the communities he visited, learned their language. His ability to persuade changed the attitude of Powhatan towards him. In his speech, Powhatan pleads with John Smith for peace, his words indicate anxiety and doubt surrounding the arrival of dust coat settlers, and foretell conflict between the Native Americans, and Europeans that would have influence on the history of both groups. He wants the uneasiness and

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Microeconomics - Essay ExampleMacroeconomics is resembling to this except that it deals with a countrys gross domestic product, trade figures, and unemployment rates (Whats). These two economic principles go hand-in-hand because they each compliment each tonic(prenominal). For example, the purchasing finish of an individual consumer would have an core group on the greater country as a whole, no matter how big or small. Looking at it from the other(a) perspective, a macroeconomic decision taken by a government will have an effect on the spending habits of a single consumer. Microeconomics is largely to do with the prices of regular goods and services and how they affect a market. If a market is not doing so well, maybe the prices of goods and services need to be lowered. On the other hand, if the economy is doing above average, maybe the prices of goods and services need to be raised. This is largely due to the need to mastery inflation, which has more to do with macroeconomic decisions (Fox). Macroeconomics is concerned with economic growth and the discrepancies in national income, or GDP (Difference).An example of an economic decision that I could make would be the barter for of some new running shoes. If the price is too high, then I will put off my decision to purchase a new pair. Alternatively, I could look for another pair that is cheaper and more in my price range. before making the final purchasing choice, I would find a selection of running shoes and survey of pair based on its pros and cons. Factors that I would consider in making my choice would obviously be price, followed by quality. Ultimately, my final choice would come down to the best pair of running shoes that I could buy in terms of durability and how comfortable the shoes are.An example of a macroeconomic decision that has affected me has been the raising of the minimum wage level. When a government chooses to raise the minimum wage, a essence of

Knowledge Share-Human Resource Management Current Study Assignment

Knowledge Share-Human Resource Management Current Study - Assignment ExampleAnalysis The luck to achieve effective potential at study for all the employees in an organization is now signifi rout outtly recognized as one of the fundamental human rights. Over last few decades, it has also develop transparent that the Canadian organizations need to pursue workplace diversity as a competitive stipulation. The sake of diversity at the work place is one of the major strategic responses of the Canadian organizations towards globalization (Klarsfeld, 2010). Moreover, it helps the organizations to join on their multiculturalism of marketplaces and workforces. The new diversity definition rejects the concept of mandated targets and quota system in the organisational workplace. Moreover, it minimizes the risk of much of regulative and legislative framework that accompanied the equal employ opportunity, affirmative action and equity legislation of employment in an organization. Since last two decades the Canadian organizations are practicing this workplace diversity as their key organizational process. Cultural Workplace Diversity The workplace diversity rests on several premises. ... All the business owners can be benefited from implementing proactive human resource strategies. This process has helped the Canadian employers to build an effective culturally several(a) workplace. It is important for the organizations to eventually promote the cultural diversity awareness among all the employees of the organization in enounce to leverage the benefits and advantages of cultural awareness in the workplace. Workplace Diversity at IBM Employees of IBM represent diverse and quick workforce. Accomplishing the potential of the diversity is a major business priority. Effective workplace diversity is the fundamental of IBMs competitive success. Venerable commitment to equal opportunity is the major element in IBMs workplace diversity program. Several business activities, su ch as promotion, hiring and compensation are performed without regard to religion, color, race, gender identity, theme origin, disability, age, genetics or expression. These specific business activities, administration and design of IBM benefit the diversity plans abide by all kinds of applicable law. IBM provides workplace accommodations to qualified employees with disabilities. These are essential diversity plans that can enhance the instruction execution of each and every employee. Giving value and respect to all the employees helped the organization to ensure an effective functional environment which is free from all forms of conflicts and harassment. This policy depends upon effective business judgment strategy. Moreover, this policy anchored in the organizational values of IBM. All the managers of IBM abide by applicable laws and organizational policies of IBM. It helps the organization to fulfill their

Employee Loyalty - Arbitration Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Loyalty - Arbitration Paper - Essay utilisationOnly on failing to get results, he began attacking the management through his new Website, to supply the publics attention to injustices at ExtremeNet. Based on Allen Lopezs selfless and continued strike for his subordinates, the ruling is that Lopez should be allowed to continue working for ExtremeNet.According to moral absolutism, some operations are morally untimely to perform, even when performing them would bring good results (Timmons, 2002, p.80). Similarly, Kantian deontology states that a good persons inclination to follow moral rules will prevent them from breaking the rules even for the sake of ensuring good outcomes (Darr, 2005). Thus, it is against professional morality for an employee to cause the ridiculing of his company, his seniors or his colleagues, with subsequent decline in the companys profitable functioning.Further, Allen Lopez could have chosen to raise awareness about discrimination among the lowe r level employees who were laid off, and organized collective action against the managements approach, to avoid publicity. The honourable concept of loyal and faithful service (Mead & Sagar, 2006, p.141) to ones organization was violated by Lopez. Therefore, Allen Lopez should be asked to apologize at his satirical Website to the executives of ExtremeNet, for ridiculing them and the company, and subsequently remove the satirical Website from the worldwide web.Utilitarian teleology states that it is wrong to steal, to lie, etc. However, it allows exceptions in the odd cases where the rules interfere with happiness rather than set ahead it (Garofalo & Geuras, 1999, p.61). Similarly, according to moral relativism, right and wrong depend on the moral code of a nicety (Timmons, 2002). The executives at ExtremeNet should raise the levels of the companys ethical culture, so that they can expect the same ethical behavior

Several Topics(Psychology 101) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Several Topics(Psychology 101) - Essay ExampleStorage of information bed be systematically done by conscious process of learning either in formal or non-formal ways. retrospect or information gained by the learner through this process is referred to as declarative memory. skill through proper study or experience, and other similar approaches be included in this category. It can be semantic or episodic. Semantic declarative memories are memories of meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge without the help of experience. For precedent knowing that a hammer is a tool and not a pet is a semantic memory. In the other hand episodic declarative memory are knowledge of events, times, places, associated emotions, and others learning, in affinity to an experience. Declarative memories are otherwise called as explicit memoryProcedural memory or unuttered memory in the other hand are knowledge and information gained stored and retained through aside experience of event s, places, times, emotions, and other learning activities that are roled by the learners unconsciously in the process of doing things. conquest in driving is developed unconsciously by previous experiences without the driver being conscious of what had been wise to(p) from the past. Survival instincts are considered as covert or procedural memory. Procedural memories are information and memories intentional through time used procedural works.In dealing with daily chores both explicit and implicit knowledge are useful in making hard tasks easy. This information intertwines with each other in our dealings with other people, solving our problems, doing our jobs, deciding what is best, and de limitining which is right and wrong. 2. Short and Long Term MemoryThe brain collects and stores information in the course of daily activities as humans are faced with change circumstances every second and decides whether this information is useful and subject for further refining and re-stora ge for future use or discards it after the event ceased. These bits of data are concisely-term memories with the potential of becoming semipermanent memories.short-term memories are commonly called primary, working, or active memory. They are stored in the brain for about 30 seconds and are used in the current process of analyzing the current stimuli or situation. These memories in small bytes are unite with each other to form into another information which maybe stored as another short term information or stored for longer time for future use. Once that particular event has been completed whatever less useful memory are lost and useful ones are retained as long-term memory. And the process goes on and on and on.Long-term memories (LTM) are data stored in the brain for 30 seconds or as long as decades. Short-term memories which are used by the brain further befit LTMs. Retention of memory is accomplished through the process of rehearsal or continued use and purposeful associatio n with established long term memories. The meaning of red traffic light can be forgotten fast if it is not associated with traffic rules. By this example a short-term memory became a long-term memory. The mechanism involved in converting short-term memories into LTM is called long-term potentiation. Just like short term memories, long-term memory is also subject to forgetting process, several retrieval processes may be undeniable for them to last longer.Chunks of information flood into the brain every second in our dealings with a sess of stimuli. Some of these memories do not last long and are called short-term

History of the world via its technologies up to 1492 Essay

History of the world via its technologies up to 1492 - Essay ExampleAmongst the most technologically advanced civilizations in the recorded history is the folderol Age refinement. The Jomon people survive as the Ainu of Hokkaido and northern Honshu, the northeasternmost Japanese islands. They were displaced by Yayoi invaders from Korea around 400 BC (Smith, n.d.). Containers from the Jomon pottery happen to be the oldest known containers. They are thought to eat up existed 11600 years ago and thus, belong to the era before the culmination of sorbet Age. Turkish were the oldest in Africa, Asia and europium dating back to almost 10500 years. Making use of the water-tight Jomon containers, people found it easy to boil their regimen to get rid of germs and steam it. This made it possible for the Jomon Ice Age finish to enrich and transfigure their diet with more nutritious and hygienic food including shellfish and steamed vegetables with large green leaves. They were sensible o f the positive effects of boiling the food on its hygiene and thus, people of the Jomon Ice Age Civilization boiled such foods like acorns to decrease their toxicity. Boiling the food also made it soft sufficient to be fed to toothless infants and old people. Hunting and gathering allowed the people of the Jomon Ice Age Civilization to dwell within and on the outskirts of their own villages without having to cultivate the crops. They did not have metallic tools for weaving or writing and the political fabric of their culture was very weak, yet it made little difference to them as they lived a very happy and fulfilling life without these things in their life. From the images and pieces of art belonging to the period of Ice Age, it slew be inferred that the Ice Age Civilization might have been much more advanced in the sociological values as compared to all civilizations that have succeeded them until the deport age. This can be estimated from the fact that the present civilization has just started to perceive the way quantum computers function, the reality levels linked with the Many-Worlds quantum theory. Owing to the unmatched spiritual and accessible advancement of the Ice Age Civilization, the construction of the Sphinx-Giza complex can be attributed to them specially because the homeland of African Abyssinian Highlanders is the only region which is thought to have sustained favorable climates between the 35000 years old Ice Age and the period 12000 years before today. Location of the Sphinx-Giza complex is the place where the African and Asian regions of the Ice Age Civilization meet each other. Modern age is characterized by the use of computers. Thus, computers, in distinguishable forms in the past serve as the common technological element between past and present. whiz of the very ancient astronomical computers in the astrolabe, that was used for solving intricate problems about the location of starts and solarize and determination of time. The m ost popular astrolabe produced in the history was the planispheric astrolabe which was used for projecting the celestial sphere upon the equators plane. Old astrolabes were made from brass. Little is known about the time when the stereographic projection transformed into what is called as astrolabe today. The treatise create verbally by Theon of Alexandria in 390 is generally taken as a historic account of the subject in Middle Ages. Astrolabe was the computer of ancient times. The concept was

Examines one of the following charactersHester Prynne, Rev. Arthur Essay

Examines one of the following charactersHester Prynne, Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl Prynne, or Roger Chillingworth - examine ExampleAdditionally, to further quotes leave behind be analyzed with regard to academic literature and the way in which Rev. Dimmesdale can be understood. Accordingly, it is the hope of this author that such a unit of analysis will be beneficial definitive and concise representation of what Rev. Dimmesdale truly representative.As a man of Biblical skill and intelligence that was respected greatly within the community, administer suffers from a unremitting denial of who he represents. Additionally, the continual inward struggle that is represented is effectively encapsulated within the Rev. Dimmesdales sermon, At the great judgment day, talk the ministerand, strangely enough, the sense that he was a professional teacher of truth impelled him to make out the child so. Then, and there, before the judgment seat, thy mother, and thou, and I, must stand togeth er. But the daylight of this world shall not play our meeting (Hawthorne 92) As can adequately be seen, Dimmesdale lacks the moral fortitude of approaching the issue of his hit the sack and lust with the congregation that so adulates and adores him. Instead, he seeks to understand and interpret the final judgment as something that will be between God and the individual. One of scholars that examined Dimmesdales duplicity and the following to say, Dimmesdale represents a dichotomy of murkiness between that which is expected that which is natural within his own frame of understanding (Hunt 28). It is this continual difficulty that continues to settle the way in which Rev. Dimmesdale understands the world around them.The second would be utilized at Dimmesdales cowardliness has to do with the way in which he interacts with his lover. Says Dimmesdale, Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom Mine burns in secret Thou little knowest what a relief it i s, after the torment of a seven years cheat, to look into an eye that recognizes me

Managing in a Mixed Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing in a Mixed Economy - Essay pillowcaseWashington square which is a Royal institution of the Chattered Surveyors was also established in 2007 and is regarded as the scoop up commercial project in the England region (Byers, 1998).The high quality iron ore that is phosphorus free in Cumbria south of Workington is the main source of income in the region. It is the largest steel production area and therefore attracts a chaw construction companies, car assembly and many types of firms engaging in steel works. Examples of these firms are the Disington Engineering party (DEC) and the British Steel Corporation (BSC).Due to the heavy investment in the region, the government must bewilder in some resources to create a peaceful investment field. The government investment is in pull in with the nature of mixed economy. Mixed economy refers to an economic system whereby the rural area engages itself to the economic activities in collaborationism with the private sphere. State funct ions are always reflected by planning of the economy while the private sector is characterized by market economies. This arises because the private sector works for the sole purpose of accruing profit. On the other hand, the state or normal sector is not necessarily concerned by profit but by protecting her citizens by providing a platform for the operation such as infrastructure, security and other marginal services. The English government has hugely invested her resources to the town in order to give the investors some specific benefits so that they can continue to invest in the highly resourceful town.One major form of public investment is the establishment of a good security system popularly referred to as the Workington law of nature station. The police station offers security not only to the iron and steel manufacturing companies but also the other adjuvant companies like banks, hotels and even the families and workers.For the police to offer efficient

China's energy technology and how it affects the United States Research Paper

Chinas brawn technology and how it affects the linked States - Research Paper ExampleThe Chinese thrift have shown remarkable strength and resiliency end-to-end the stinting crisis and has likewise shown profound strength when recovery started to set in. However, the United States remain shackled overpower by systemic risks since the crisis basically crippled the banking sector of the US. Among the positive contributors to the resiliency of the Chinese economy was the beardown(prenominal) domestic demand that has been instrumental in ensuring consumption and therefore stinting ariseth. This has been brought about by the feature that China has the highest population in the world which the Central Intelligence Agency (2011) estimates to about 1.3 billion. On the other(a) end, the United States has over .3 billion which places it at the third spot over the world. Looking at the population alone, it is easy to surmise that these countries are also the most voracious energy con sumers in the world. However, the recent speedup of the Chinese economy has prompted the government to be more serious in tackling the energy demand of the country. This is a basic necessity since this is a basic requirement for continued economic growth. Hence, it has been a pressing uphold for the Chinese to improve their capability to power their economy which includes renewable energy sources from the sun and the wind. Likewise, this has been instrumental in pushing China past the United States in terms of energy consumption (IEA, 2010). Main soundbox Economic recovery and Energy Sustainability The recovery of the global economy has been coupled by the increased foreplay to the reality of global warming. Likewise, the fact that fossil fuels will eventually run out has been increasingly gaining travelling bag on economic, social, political and even in military dialogues worldwide. As a matter of fact, world leadership have inked the Copenhagen agreement in order to lessen emi ssions from green house gases (World Energy Outlook, 2010). This is a significant agreement since the environmental symptoms of global warming has been growing more severe. Likewise, in order to ensure economic growth and stability, countries would do well to veer away from the traditional power source of fossil fuels. This has significantly boosted demand for renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind energy. More so, the economic growth of China has necessitated additional power producing capabilities. Over the last generation, China has increased its power railroad siding by about 53 gigawatts (gw) per year (Campbell 2011). Given the high population and the increasing investments to further grow their economy, China has really stepped up its efforts and investments in renewable energy. According to Wong (2010), China has been significantly pouring pecuniary resource for renewable energy. Basically, the Chinese hopes to be ahead of the curve when it comes to generati ng new ways to harness renewable energy as well as to be able to make it available for consumption and actually qualification its economy able to utilize it. Furthermore, China has significantly moved away from the coal dependent economy that is, although growing industrially, manufactures only low value goods that are mainly dependent on labor. Nowadays, despite stock-still being a predominantly agricultural economy, China has been re-cast as an advanced economy with an increasingly sophisticate economy coupled by the

Fair Tax Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

fairish impose Act - Essay ExampleThe Fair tax act (HR 25, S 13) is legislation which not inclined to any of the political parties in the united States. The act provide abolish all capital gains, social security, self-employment taxes, Medicare expenses income taxes levied on corporations and individuals by the federal government, and step in them with an uncomplicated gross sales tax. The states sales tax authorities administer the retail sales tax that enacted by the federal government (Barbra, 2011 p 22).The system of the fair tax equates all persons and it will enhance efficiency, accountability, and a lasting solution to the disparities in the current system of tax revenue. With the enactment of the fair tax, it is easier to proctor the activities of the government agencies mandated to carry out the roles of collecting taxes. For a long time, the various agencies of the government entrusted to levy taxes on business corporations and individuals have misused the authority granted by the constitution. The act came to minimize the abuse of powers by the state authorities to ensure just and reasonable treatment of all citizens (Barbara, 2011 p 79).Trade and early(a) commercial activities will occur in a favorable environment. The act puts into consideration both exports and imports exports should not be taxed because their consumption occurs outside the get together States. On the other hand, goods imported to the United States undergo taxation since consumption is in the domestic markets. Thus, the act will make sure that the goods locally produced in the United States become more competitive both in the United States and international markets (Barbara, 2011 p 79).The fair Tax act see has an impact on the cost of education. The act can be regarded as the besides proposal of tax reform that supports education, compared to the current law on taxation. As a matter of fact, the plan cuts by half the cost of education to American families making educati on accessible to as some Americans as

How Important Was Nationalism as a Cause of Revolution in 1848 Essay

How Important Was Nationalism as a Cause of transition in 1848 - Essay Exampleuperiority in Europe became evident in 20th century, when millions of Jews were massacred in German anti Semitism campaign and the Holocaust (Tackett, 2003). It is apparent that conservatism caused social and political challenges in Europe. Consequently, other ideologies create as suitable alternatives in the nineteenth century. Some of the ideologies included socialism, trade union movements and democracy. Karl Marx and Friendrich Engels are the pi geniusers of socialism. socialist economy was the direct opposite of nationalism and liberal ideologies and it emphasized on the collective community wellbeing sort of than individualism advocated by the nationalistic and liberal movements. To ensure existence of collective communism in society, socialists advocated for proactive and planned state initiated policies to bring the desired social change. In Europe, socialists opposed capitalist and laissez- fair e economics vehemently. Regarding economics, socialists support state ownership of all means of production and distribution (Periwal, 1995 76-81). In 1848, Karl Marx and Engels published the Communists Manifesto one of the most revolutionary writings of the century produced during a period of profound economic and political changes in the European continent. The two authors argued that human existence was characterised by perpetual struggle between the existing clear upes of people. At every stage of human development, each ruling class was replaced by another (Marx and Engels 1998). In European context, three classes had already ruled the region, beginning with monarch that had been replaced by aristocrats. In the 19th century, socialists argued that the middle class also referred as bourgeoisie replaced aristocrats. Therefore, socialists predicted that the time for the working class... This essay stresses that during the period of the French uprising, the Habsburg ruled the Austr ian empire. Nationalism ideologies started in Hungary where demands for sovereignty within the precincts of liberalism reigned supreme. During the period, the Habsburg Empire was characterised by oppressive practices including compulsory serfdom. The persistent calls for political reforms prompted the emperor to initiate some political changes, including the abolition of serfdom. However, lack of unity among the various opposing factions hindered a concerted effort for comprehensive demands for reforms. In addition, Habsburg Empire comprised of diverse populations a situation that hindered unity of subroutine and nationalism.This paper makes a conclusion that it is apparent that nationalism was one of the most influential ideologies in 19th century. Although other ideologies especially socialism became popular, the triumph of revolutionary concept of nationalism ensured its entrenchment in the European continent for many years. The success of nationalism in France and Habsburg Empi re demonstrated that national awareness is much influential in any society than the class-consciousness advocated by socialists. However, in 20th century, some political leaders, who propagated for racial nationalism for selfish political interests, misused classical nationalism that advocated for self-determination and freedom. This resulted to occurrence of serious crimes against macrocosm such as genocide.

Use of Computer based Technology in Engineering Design Assignment

Use of Computer based Technology in technology Design - Assignment ExampleUse of Computer based Technology in Engineering DesignMany software applications get down been developed to help engineers in this course of endeavor. The most employ software is AutoCAD. It is an application capable of achieving 2D and 3D externalises. The founders of AutoCAD made a decision to code it victimization C programming language. That is the main reason why AutoCAD is able to support object customization through C++ Application Programming Interface (API). The invent hawkshaw has a set of basic modelling tools for solids in 2D and 3D orientations. Earlier versions of the design tool made use of lines, arcs, circles and polylines while modern tools have additional functionalities like mental ray engine. The modern design tool has made quality designs achievable. The design is done on a space with provision of user interface aid standards. The standard tool bar is at the top, it lists label from left to right. The designer uses the menu bar tool sets palette and pretermit line at the bottom to access the very many available objects and commands. By clicking on them the arrow changes to the object of interest. The drawing space displays an XY axis of a rectangular. This is a coordinate system (UCS). Before kickoff a design, select units for the line and angle of the drawing (Gindis). The CAD tool allows the designer to draw, format, edit, save and phone drawing. Like all the other applications, to save a drawing click FILE then lead to save. To retrieve, click on FILE and proceed to open an existing drawing. The software allows importing of objects from other outside(a) sources so ling as they are of compatible formats. Ones a drawing has been imported, editing can be done and even saving of changes made. AutoCAD has calculation functionalities that ensure engineers use the shortest time possible to complete a given project. The application provides the Cam Generator and the Beam Calculation at your disposal. The Cam generator allows plate and cylindrical cam creations. It performs the calculations of speeding and acceleration. In addition to calculations, the design tool pieces cam path. Mechanical technology has almost the trickiest design set where designs engage be of utmost accuracy. The tool offers shaft calculations including deflection lines, bending moment, torsion moment, supporting force, torque rotational angle, equivalent tension and other safety factors. Mechanical designs require perfect fit and that is why the retire pre-calculation tool comes in handy. Other calculation tools include Bearing and screw calculations. With this tools functionalities like stress points, unfold and line loadings can be analysed with ease (Gindis). Functionalities of Integrated dress circle design are available in spite of appearance the software standards. The library has a number of the components that make up integrated circuits and standar d integrated circuit that have been made. By selecting the components, the designer is able to create a complete circuit that follows electrical engineering standards of design. The CAD software allows the designer to simulate and check the performance of the circuit. The simulation tool can plot graphs of the various parameters as the designer may see fit. This is performed for both AC, DC and transient analysis. Capturing a conventional design is of importance to electrical engineers when using the electronic design automation tool. Electronic circuit design can also become a complex idea to undertake especially in the design of integrated circuits. For this reason CAD software, have schematic editors. AutoCAD electrical has

The Feelings of Betty Friedmans on Womens Rights in The Feminine Essay

The Feelings of Betty Friedmans on Womens Rights in The Feminine Mystique - Essay ExampleHowever, looking at her own experience, she felt there was something wrong with the accompaniment that urged her to look deeper and to conclude that something was amiss somewhere. This book ignited the consciousness of women on their rights to their own happiness. The interrelationship in the midst of social factors. The Feminine Mystique published in the United States in 1963 became controversial because of its contents that were contradictory to the womens femininity at that time. In this book, Betty Friedman argued that women suffered unhappiness on a problem that she said had no name. On this, Friedman presented several factors that she thought were the causes of this unhappiness. Her theory was that women have been encouraged to confine themselves to the narrow roles of housewife and mother, forsaking pedagogy and career aspirations in the process. The interrelationship amongst political factors. In the later years after the war, Betty Friedman detect women going back to domesticity in spite of the rights won thru the feminist struggle. She took note of this as advance from political campaign she called counter-revolution against women after the World War II. To prove her theory that the pre-conceived idea of a bright homemaker was not true, she made a research that confirmed her assertions to be right. She wanted to correct the adage that the womans place is in the home. Many people countered her contentions, and sexual counter-revolution took place. For example, in the range of Reed, she cited Penis Envy became the popular psychological catch-all, and was the answer to womens resentment against their inferior status. The interrelationship between historical factors and her work. The conflict of reality on the lives of women after the World War II and the propaganda of the Happy Housewife program of the government led Friedman to think of the mystique in rela tion to her own life.

News brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

News sketch - Essay ExampleIn the past two years, the weensy businesses have increased steadily by 16%. This is attributable to the laws and regulations in the economic sectors. The government is awarding loans at exceptionally low affaire rates to encourage investment in the mild and median(a) enterprises. In the state of the nation comprehend by the president, there were assurances to reduce the cost of doing business so that more individuals can venture into downcast businesses.The performance of small businesses in America is incredibly excellent. This is because of the affordability and availability of goods and services by the entrepreneurs. The impact of these businesses is passing significantly on the entire Americas economy. Along with the above point, the small businesses are doing exceedingly well because of their susceptibility to acclimatize to the varying trends in the market. In America, most(prenominal) of the exportingers are the small and medium businesse s. The businesses provide long employment opportunities and offer affordable goods and services to the customers. The quality of goods and services produced by the small businesses is high vis a vee those produced by the large firms. This explains why the products are doing excellent in the market. The government has reduced the cost of licensing the small businesses so that they can motivate people and make it an alternative means of employment and investment.Small and medium enterprises in America accounts for 52% of the work force in the country. The small businesses are increasing by 2%, and the employment rate is increasing by 6%. In 2012, 56% of the net export in America was accounted for by the small and medium enterprises. This is because they produce goods that are affordable by most people outside America. 38% of Americas gross domestic product is contributed by small businesses. According to small business administration, it

Hog case study Essay Example for Free

Hog consequence study EssayProduct Life rhythm method Late Growth / Early Maturity I. Uncertainties that may affect application structure II. The plausible assumptions astir(p wildicate) each important causal factor The uncertainties that exist for the Motorcycle intentness argon fluctuations in the quest categories g everywherenment regulations, price of supplies, Fuel Cost, Global Demand for wheels, Product sassyty, guest loyalty note value (CLV), target ara grocery store, and grocery store sh ar. The casual factors that drive these uncertainties be an important factor when forecasting the proximo of the Motorcycle Industry.The al closely probably scenario for government regulations give push the application towards going Green and becoming more environment solelyy fri oddmently by requiring lower emissions. They leave alone require the industry to im give these emissions standards. Currently the aver historic period motorcycle averages 40 MPG (miles p er gallon) in the city and 50 MPG on high schoolway but they still emit smogginess into the environment. The industry impart most promising drug abuse the fire consumption statistics to their value by relating to the up-to-the-minute price of gaso farm animal and the fact that the average car gets 20 MPG and SUVs get even little at ab forth 16 MPG.Price exit be a major uncertainty for the industry. The industry relies on other companies to provide them with materials so that they could assemble the bike. The increasing greet of transporting these materials from the cook uprs to the motorcycle assembly plants atomic number 18 going to attach and on that pointfore need to increase in the operating cost for the industry and need to higher price for the finished fruit resulting in no value added.The price of the finished product is a very important factor for the industry because all the players in the industry be nerve-wracking to attract the jr. target market and a re competing on price. The Japanese constituters save a mind-set that they are testamenting to incur short-term loss so that they could gain market parcel. This strategy is crowing for the industry because every comp any testament try to reduce its prices and provide eventually non be able to make signifi whoremastert profit. This fact needs to be carefully monitored so that no oneness player tries to influence the overall industry.Economic conditions in the U. S. significantly affect the firms cognitive process from year to year. During an economic recession, Harley-Davidson result feel its effects since consumers tend to tighten up discretionary spend during rough times resulting in no value added to the lodge. This is what is shortly happening in the economy. Global collect fluctuation besides is an important factor to the overall winner of the industry. The global submit for the heavy angle motorcycles grows at an average core rate of 7% to 9% per year and has averaged 8.6% since 1991 for Harley Davidson. This trend leave behind most the likes ofly await because of the Baby-Boomers who previously purchased these bikes will continue to do so as they exit more active and adventurous lives wherefore previous generations. The baby boomers are more affluent then previous generations. The global demand will rise because of this fact. It will also rise because they are not only catering to the older consumers but also towards the younger generation and women. The industry is creating bikes that are cheaper and hot that appeal to the younger consumer.This trend will spread globally because of the Blue naval cleard by Harley Davidson because of the renting Programs, and the Riders bounce computer syllabuss that will be emulated by the other players in the industry. This will lead to the Red Ocean scenario again and companies will compete at the same level within the industry. We also believe that players in the industry will make strat egic alliances with other industries to cross sell their products such as Harley currently produces clothing and accessories to increase and diversify its revenue seminal fluids.The industry will continue to compete on all aspects such as price, touch, and functionality. This intense competition will lead to a Red Ocean until a revolutionary innovator can emerge. The industry will most credibly continue to clothe in Research Development to improve the quality of their products, to try to innovate, to get a better product out to the market and even innovate the way they assemble and market their product to the consumer. Also, personalization and customization of motorcycles will increase as television programs such as American Choppers, and West Coast Choppers are glorifying them.All these factors will lead to an expansion of the Target market and more intense competition. Customer Loyalty Value will most likely rise for the industry because many of the somebody manufacturers devour a wide variety of products that they can offer to their clients. The industry will most likely target previous customers more to get them to purchase a secondary bike. This trend will continue since the largest buyer radical numbers are tranquillise for the next several geezerhood, currently there are 41 jillion US men in the age group of 35 to 54 and that number increases to a little over 41 million in 2020.Also currently there are 80 million baby boomers of those the oldest ones are go in their late 50s and the youngest boomers are just entering earlier part of their 40s. These groups will be heavily targeted by the industry to either purchase their first motorcycle or second motorcycle. III. Plausible assumptions about each important casual factor The most important casual factors are the level of quality of the motorcycles, product novelty and merchandising. These leash factors are predetermined meaning that change is likely to happennd is largely predictable and they are constant meaning that these areas in the industry are unlikely to change.However, product blueprint is uncertain meaning that product innovation depends on other irresolvable uncertainties in the industry. To begin with the first important casual factor the level of quality, we know that if the level of quality for motorcycles increase, it is likely to lead to an increase in other areas as well such as price, sales, market share and customer retention. (Cash flow, interrelationship, linkages and value added). The next important casual factor is product innovation.Similar to quality, if product innovation increases it is likely to lead to increases in other areas such as price, sales, market share, customer retention and gaining refreshing customers. Lastly, marketing is another important casual factor. We know that if marketing is increase and if it becomes more innovative in ways there will be increases in other areas such as sales, market share, customer retention, sta rk naked customers, advertising and promotion, branding and in relationship marketing resulting in value added. IV. Assumptions about individual factors into internally consistent scenarios.Scenario 1 If quality increases it is likely that performances in other areas are likely to increase as well. Improving quality is always beneficial and important to execute any strategic era successfully. The value curve, which is the basic component of the strategy canvas, depicts relative performance across the industrys factors of competition. Creating a overbold value curve involves lineing which factors of the industry should be eliminated, cut back, raised well above and created or offered in regards to the industry. So lets use Harley-Davidson as an example.Eliminate-Reduce- send away-Create Grid Harley-Davidson Eliminate Company staff positions Raise Tariff aegis against global challengers Reduce Inventory levels Create JIT entry practice Employee battle Materials-As-Needed progr am When it came to improve the quality of the business Harley-Davidson eliminated the positions of senior vice president in marketing and operations because there was no value added. The style of leadership at the troupe was very effective because they were able to identify weak links in their operations and cut out the extra manpower that was muda.The follow reduced register levels with the hope that it would make quality problems more apparent and force employees to take action. The tariff protection the company sought to gain time and protect itself from the Japanese inroads in the heavyweight segment was a leading factor that raised them above the industry standards. The companys OWC that was created was the use of JIT inventory practices, employee involvement and the SOC (statistical operator control). Workers were required to participate in the spick-and-spanly formed circles that were made directly responsible for improving motorcycle quality.A Materials-As-Needed (MAN) p rogram was implemented to free up, as much needed cash by reducing WIP inventory, which guide to economies of scale and LC. These changes also led to increased quality. productivity improvement went up by over 50%, WIP inventory was reduced by 75%, scrap and rework went fling off by 68%, U. S. revenues increased by over 80%, planetary revenues by 1. 7 times, operating earnings increased by $59 million and market share in the heavyweight segment increased by 97%. Harley-Davidsons net revenue increased from $1,350,466 in 1995 to $5,015,190 in 2004 in millions.Scenario 2 If product innovation increases it is likely that performances in other areas will increase as well. Product innovation is the new business imperative. It drives growth and coming(prenominal) success for companies. Most companies are detain competing in red maritimes because they define their industry similarly, focus on the same buyer group, define the scope of the products and serve offered by their industry similarly and they focus on the same point in time and practically on current matched threats in formulating strategies.However, Harley-Davidson has not followed these same guidelines, so they are not currently trapped in the red oceans. Harley-Davidson was selected as an outstanding corporate innovator by PDMA in 2003 (Product Development oversight Association) because of its established brand, its strong connection with customers, and because of its continue commitment to product innovation. The company focuses on optimizing the customer cause, and as a company has grown from 40,000 units/year in 1998 to 264,000 units/year in 2002.Their use of multiple and novel venues to gather customer needs and preferences information to guide their new product efforts, while employing a perfunctory Concurrent Product Process Delivery Methodology (CPPDM), has kept their new product engine speed at peak efficiency. Several unique elements and concepts in their process such as swirl, bi ns, and cadence, ensure the peak of innovation, speed to market, match of development resources, and financial vi magnate of individual projects as well as the entire new product portfolio.Scenario 3 If marketing increases performances in other areas is likely to increase as well. Marketing for any company in any industry is extremely important. How well a product/company is marketed leads to the success of that product/company. Blue oceans are defined by untapped market space, demand creation and the opportunity for highly profitable growth. In enjoin to execute a blue ocean strategy market boundaries must be reconstructed and must chance on beyond existing demand. This is in fact what Harley-Davidson did to create a blue ocean for itself and increase the brand name and company revenues simultaneously.The companys three strategic constants passion, sense of purpose and operational excellence are the cornerstone of their blue ocean strategy. there is no competition, as seen by being the only U. S. manufacturer for 46 years, and petition to end overprotective tariffs. All bikes are customizable, and some say that they are made to be tinkered with (not as hands-off as can be, therefore redefining premium brand). The company has a considerable fan club and a phenomenally tidy brand and its quintessential strong emotional connection keeps them in the leadership position.Undoubtedly, Harley-Davidsons greatest marketing asset is the Harley Owners Group, with one million members world wide fashioning it the largest motorcycle-sponsored club in the world. Harley-Davidson is continue to improve value innovation by still focusing on beating the competition, making it irrelevant by creating a leap in value for buyers and their company by opening up a new and uncontested market space. They have done this with the implementation of their Riders acuteness and Rental Programs. The rental program was implemented to hook customers and entice them to buy a Harley.Thi s program is offered by 250 dealers and is available in 52 countries. Survey shows that 32% bought a bike or hardened an consecrate and another 37% planed to buy within one year. The Riders gross profit Program offers move lessons that last for four days and cost students $350. Approximately 70% of students in the program purchase a motorcycle within 18 months and about 40% of the students are women and 30% are under the age of 35. This buyer cultivation relationship created by Harley-Davidson has increased sales, new customers and targets the untapped market of women highly.This value innovation has led to LC for people who have learned to ride the motorcycles through the program and also to the instructors teaching the students. It has led to increased sales and revenues from the 70% of students that buy within 18 of completing the lessons. This continues to be a huge win for Harley-Davidson. V. Analyzing the industry structure that would prevail under each scenario McKinsey Model INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS enemy visibility WeightRateTotal Market Growth Rate. 102. 20 Marketing Size. 103. 30 Competitive Structure. 203. 60 Seasonal/Cyclical. 103. 30 Industry Profit. 102. 30 Tech Demand. 204. 80 Eco of Scale. 102.20 Unique Social. 102. 20 TOTAL12. 90 Competitor Profile WeightRateTotal Market Share. 204. 80 Tech Strength. 203. 60 Marketing Skill. 203. 60 Company Profit. 102. 20 Management Skill. 102. 20 Ability to compete on price quality. 203. 60 TOTAL13. 00 9 Cell Matrix for Motorcycle Industry 2004 Competitor Profile bullocky Average Weak HiIIE MedIE HOGD LowEDD HiMedLow I= Invest E= Evaluate D= Disinvest The next step in scenario planning is to analyze the implications of each scenario for competition. We will determine the future industry structure, implications for industry structural attractiveness and the sources of competitive advantage.The future growth is largely dependent upon its ability to develop and successfully introduce new, innovative an d compliant products. In addition, it must comply with governmental laws and regulations that are subject to change and involve significant costs. Worldwide demand for motorcycles is forecasted to advance to 5. 2% annually to more than 35% million units in 2007, valued at $46 billion. Driven by increased income levels in emerging markets such as India, China, and Southeast Asia, demand for scooters, mopeds and flatboat motorcycles will remain relatively strong, providing continued growth opportunities for motorcycle OEMs and suppliers.The market for large motorcycles will also remain strong, although some concerns regarding future demand have emerged collectible to the aging customer base and rising insurance costs, especially in the US and Europe. plot of land growth prospects remain solid, especially when compared to the 2% annual growth experienced by the light vehicle industry, the industry will likely go through a restructuring phase in the future. many another(prenominal) of the small competitors will begin to exit the market. The intense focus on price in the Asia/peaceable region has ca apply Japanese OEMs to begin to abandon Japan as a production base in favor of lower cost hubs like China or Thailand.In China, for example, the largest motorcycle market and producer in unit terms, is rapidly transitioning away from motorcycle toward cars, and in the process overflowing the world market with motorcycle exports. In contrast, rising fuel prices and increasing restrictions on car uses are favoring motorcycles in develop markets. Two separate motorcycle markets exist. The first is centered in the industrialized Triad (US, Japan, Europe), where consumers who already have one or more vehicles see motorcycles as pleasure vehicles. These motorcycles tend to be larger, more powerful machines, which cost on average about $5,000 to $6,500.The other much larger market in unit terms is found in the emerging economies of the Asia/Pacific, where motorcycles are seen as primary family and work vehicles. These vehicles are cheaper, littler and less powerful than Triad motorcycles. Motorcycles everywhere is being fractured pull down from, stricter emissions controls to noise limits, from land closures to exclusions from HOV lanes. The motorcycle industry has spent the last 10 years of convincing the public that motorcycles are a form of sport and not a form of expatriation.The world has been changing with new issues and now advertising is geared toward qualities like dependability, practicality, technology, safety and environmental friendliness. Women control 85% of all the discretionary dollars spent in the US. Ten years ago women represented about 3% of the motorcycle owners. In 2004, they ramped up to 12% in motorcycles. Utilizing learning curve, dealers are beginning to understand their sales people can no longer talk down to a woman. Some have started to hire women as salespeople. Once only men staffed dealerships, women are video di splay up as techs, service writers, parts counter, and unit salespeople.The behavior has changed. The Motorcycle Safety Foundation conducts training for new motorcyclists. In 2003, they reported that 40% of those signing up for new classes are women. In the case of Harley-Davidson, the Harley rider is now 45 (10 years ago it was 37) and 20% of Harley riders are over 55. Despite the companys success in the past 18 years, it has difficult time attracting younger consumers, who tend, to go for sporty, fast, technologically-savvy hotfoot bikes produced by its competitors. Harley has been investing in its product to attract a younger buyer.It continues to revamp its affordable Sportster line and its higher-tech V-Rod family with liquid-cooled revolution engines continues to appeal to more youthful market. In addition, its sports bike subsidiary, Buell, is to lure in the propagation Y market. Growth in year-to-year sales was slow, but with the economic downturn in the market, sales in this market segment may increase due to the lower price point. These marketing challenges will force the company to examine their manufacturing, marketing, pricing and every other part of the business.For consumers, this will means better pricing, more value and greater service to attract their more discerning and selective purchase. The industries never stand still. Operations improve, markets unfold and players enter and exit. VI. Determining the sources of competitive advantage under the most likely scenario The driving force buns Harley-Davidsons competitive advantage is its quality, marketing and product innovation so we will determine the sources of competitive advantage in these forms. Quality Harley Davidsons source of competitive advantage in regards to quality will most likely be its continued use of the productivity triad.Harleys productivity triad involves employee involvement, use of JIT inventory practices (which Harley renamed MAN Materials As Needed) and statistic al operation control. Quality drives productivity and increased productivity is a source of greater revenue. This can be seen as under Harleys new placement inventory turn increased to 17 and productivity improvement went up by over 50%. This new system allowed Harley to free up cash by reducing its work in process inventory by 75%.This system proves that improved quality does not always mean increased cost because its costs decreased while its U.S. revenues increased by over 80%, international revenues by 1. 7 times, and operating profits increased by $59 million. Their market share under this new system had also increased by 97%. Quality is defined entirely by the customer and end user and based upon that person(s) evaluation of his or her entire customer experience. Through the use of the productivity triad, customer retention will increase as Harley Davidson continues to improve its entire customer experience from how their bikes are interchange (utilizing women sales people t o make women customers more comfortable), to how the bikes perform.The increased customer retention and productivity triad will result in a preeminence advantage over its competitors thus creating superb value to its customers and superior profits for itself. Harley was able to create a blue ocean by driving costs down while simultaneously driving value up for its consumers. Marketing Harley Davidsons source of competitive advantage in regards to marketing will most likely be the continued use of its programs such as the Ladies of Harley, the Riders Edge and Rental Program. The Ladies of Harley group cultivates and will most likely continue to cultivate the interest of women riders.This group was sponsored by HOG to support women motorcycle enthusiasts, and to encourage women to become more active within the group. The Riders Edge program offers motorcycle-riding lessons that last for four days and cost students $350. Surveys show that 70% of Riders Edge participants purchase a mo torcycle within 18 months. This program helps to target the women market (who makes up 40% of participants) and younger riders (30% of participants who were under 35). The future strategy of Harley is to gain market share in the younger rider segment, so it is likely to continue this program.Harley will most likely continue the use of its rental program, which is used to hook customers and entice them to buy a motorcycle. It is said that 32% of participants bought a bike or placed an arrange and another 37% planned to buy one within a year after renting a Harley. The company will most likely increase the number of dealerships the program is offered in, as it has demonstrated great success. This is a value added to the consumer who gets to experience the feel of a Harley before making an positive purchase, and a value added to the company because it almost guarantees future earnings.These programs will result in a specialty advantage over its competitors. Product Innovation In reg ards to production innovation, Harley-Davidson will most likely continue with new product development and upgraded manufacturing technology. With many concerns with environmental health issues, Harley will most likely manufacture a Hybrid or economically friendly motorcycle to entice sales of future consumers who are concerned with environmental conservation and to appeal to current eco friendly consumers. Harley-Davidsons resources and capabilities together form its characteristic competencies.These competencies enable innovation, efficiency, quality and customer retention, all of which could be leveraged to create a cost or differentiation advantage for the firm and thus creating value for its customers and profits for itself. Harley-Davidson has created a strong differentiation strategy climb itself apart from the crowd and making its brand identity legendary. On the next page, you will find a competitive analysis of Harley-Davidson to one of its existing competitors, Honda. Co mpetitive Analysis HARLEY DAVIDSON HONDA Future Goals?Produce and sale high quality motorcycles. ?Maintain market share. ?Replace some of aging boomer customers by tapping into the youth market. ? regale shifting demographics. ?To make cycles more popular. ?Strengthen themselves as a manufacturing company. ?Strengthen focus on initiatives, quality and technology. Current Strategy? Maintain current growth in traditional segments while taking measures to reach younger customers. ?Keep up with trends and customer needs. ?Increase product line of accessory and apparel. ?Provide motorcycles accessories and services to selected niches?Maintain global viewpoint. ?Supplying products with high quality at a reasonable price. ?To create new technology that offers new possibilities in mobility. Assumptions ?Harley would not be able to maintain ?Market for Harley-Davidson products may be maturing. ?Baby-boomers were aging and may not want to ride motorcycles anymore. ?Boomers will ride into thei r late 60 and 70s. ?Manufacturers are more skilled at mass-producing motorcycles efficiently. ?Will continue to be more technically move in the industry. CapabilitiesStrengths ?Renewed RD expenditure.?Strong brand identity and loyalty. ?Boomers are living more of an active lifestyle. ?Productivity triad. Weakness ?Some bikes are too expensive for younger consumers. ?Close association with baby boomers. Strengths ?Strong technical advances. ?Have a stronger brand with the younger generation. ?Caters to younger buyers with littler budgets. Weakness ?Does not have an association with baby boomers who are expected to ride longer. Market Share Harley Davidson maintains a large margin in its dominance in the U. S. whale Motorcycle market as compared to its major competitors.2003 2007 US Heavyweight Market ShareUS Market Share 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Harley-Davidson 49. 4% 50% 49. 6% 50. 2% 50. 3% Honda 14. 2 15. 1 16. 6 18. 7 18. 4 Suzuki 12. 5 12. 9 12. 4 10. 2 9. 8 Yamaha 9. 2 8. 6 8. 9 8. 7 8. 5 Kawasaki 7. 2 6. 8 6. 5 6. 4 6. 7 However, Harleys international market share is slightly smaller. For instance, the company has a 38. 4% Canadian market share and a 10. 2% market share in Europe as of 2006. Notably, both of those markets are substantially smaller than the US market. Nonetheless, Harley has a dominant worldwide market share of 33% in what is a growing industry.operating(a) Metrics Several operating metrics are useful in understanding the companys position vis-a-vis its largest competitor. Hondas figures are for its motorcycle business only. Please see map on next page. 2006 Operating MetricsOperating Metrics Harley-Davidson Honda Units Sold 361 103 Units Sold per Employee 35. 4 3. 6 Revenue per Employee (USD) 637,881 356,746 Operating Margin(%) 27. 5 9. 2 CapEx as % of Sales 3. 8% 4. 2% While the companys competitors, notably Honda Motor Company (HMC) and Suzuki, do not have as dominant a market position, they often have greater financial resources. This is largely because companies like Honda have more diverse product lines (like cars), and are greater in size than Harley-Davidson, a far more specialized company. For example, motorcycle sales at the companys largest competitor, Honda, hover around 12% of total revenue. Revenue by Region While around 80% of the Harley Davidsons sales still occur in the United States, its international segments are growing quickly, and the company is pursuing opportunities for gaining market share abroad resulting in value added.This can prove important to the company, as market share has begun to stabilize in the US due to saturation of this market. 12 Month Harley-Davidson Stock Analysis The chart above shows that it has definitely been a tough 12 months for Harley-Davidson stockpile and it is undoubtedly being affected by the economy. VII. Predicting competitor behavior under each scenario Introduction of competitor behavior In 2007, Sales in the motorcycle industry failed to increase after 14 successive years of gains and were lower than in 2006. For Harley-Davidson, revenues declined 1. 3% and earnings declined 4.3% 2007. In preparation for the affects of a slowness American economy, the firms largest market, Harley cut production and shipment of its motorcycles in the 3rd and 4th quarters of 2007. However, on the up side, the motorcycle industry sales in 2007 were over the 1 million mark for the 5th cracking year. Battery and tire sales indicate that ridership and enthusiasm for the sport remain high. Quality The competition will continue to manufacturer new models and invest in quality improvement however, they will focus on supplying products with high quality at a reasonable price.In addition, they will strive to push improve JIT inventory practices and statistical operation control. Quality drives productivity and increased productivity is a source of greater revenue. Marketing The competition will market their brand with the younger generation. It will cater to younger buyers with smaller budgets. The aim to attract the younger target market and compete on price. Furthermore, create bikes that are cheaper and faster that appeal to this market. In addition, the current success that Harley has had with the rentals, and the riders edge program will most likely be emulated by the players in the industry.Product Innovation The competition will continue to invest in product innovation that will appeal to the younger generation in design and price points. They will continue to create new technology that will offer new possibilities in mobility. Conclusion Harley-Davidson has developed a blue ocean strategy by fulfilling dreams through the experience of motorcycling. All bikes are customizable and have developed a huge fan club and a phenomenally powerful brand with emotional connection and loyalty. This loyalty will be crucial to the companys success going forward, and Harley will depend upon duplicating this successinternationally to fuel gr owth.Despite the fact that due to economic issues, in the motorcycle industry sales have been down and cost up, we expect that Harley-Davidson will continue to invest in quality improvement, marketing strategy and product innovation in order to remain competitive in the industry and achieve economies of scale. Harley-Davidson will continue to manufacturer new models and invest in quality improvement however they will do it with increasing cost pressures. The dollar has befuddled 26% of its value against the euro and 11% of its value against the yen since March 2003.Escalating cost for the metals, plastics and other commodities used to manufacture motorcycles and the fuel needed to transport foreign models to the U. S. market, has resulted in price pressures for the European and Japanese manufacturers in particular. Harley will need to look to further cut manufacturing costs, (lean manufacturing) rather than raise retail prices for consumers who, in the U. S. , are continuing to tig hten their belts. Harley-Davidson will continue to invest in marketing. Through marketing efforts the company will look to increase its current loyalty program but also duplicate this success internationally to fuel growth.The companys customers tend to be fiercely loyal to the brand, which has helped to drive consistent growth over the past 20 years while making the company the premier name in its industry. In addition, since the companys core consumer group is aging, it will target women and the younger generation of motorcycle enthusiasts. In order to appeal to this group, the company will continue to use the HOG and riders edge program. Furthermore, the company will continue to revamp its affordable Sportster line and its higher-tech V-Rod family with liquid-cooled revolution engines and its subsidiary, Buell, in order to lure in the Generation Y market.However, it should be noted that in marketing to this new segment, it will lead to the red ocean scenario again and companies w ill compete at the same level within the industry. The company will also have an opportunity to increase marketing in the international markets. While around 80% of the Harley Davidsons sales still occur in the United States, its international segments are growing quickly, and the company will have an opportunity to market to these segments in order to gain market share abroad resulting in value added.This can prove important to the company, as market share has begun to stabilize in the US due to saturation of this market. Harley-Davidson will also continue to invest in product innovation. In order to increase its customer base, the company will focus more on fuel efficiency transportation oriented models in the coming years. With many concerns with environmental health issues, the company will most likely manufacture a Hybrid or an economically friendly motorcycle to entice sales of future consumers who are concerned with environmental conservation and to appeal to current eco frie ndly consumers.

selecting a toy Essay Example for Free

selecting a shirk EssayI make water selected 3 toys 1.HEX BUGS CRAB , 2. STOMP ROCKET JUNIOR ,and 3. SQUIGZ , all ofwhich manufactures submit deemed detach for clawren 3 to 5 years old.1. why is this toy developmentally appropriate for children this age group ?The Hex Bug skreigh is somewhat appropriate to children in this age group , its minusculargonr sizeis a good view for smaller hands but not to small where it could become a choking hazard.This toy would elevate small beat back practice because of its size , also would hike up gentle knead ,and some small amounts of patience to allow the toy to becomeaccustom to the child just like a truly animal or pet might be . The Stomp Rocket is age appropriate because it is a skilled down version of the StompRocket orginal toy for older children , it has a smaller size and a largerstomp pad,easier directions for a younger age group of children.The Squigz toy is age appropriate for children 3 thru 5 , it is a good size for smallerhands , but large nice to not be a choking problem play, encourages open stop play, problem solving and imagination.2. Why is this toy openhearted to a child in this age group?All of the toys are packaged very appealing , bright colors and bold print .The Hex Bug would be appealing to each child who might be wanting a pet , and wouldencourage quite play , gentleness , and pet ownership practice.The Stomp Rocket would be appealing to a child in this age group , because the toy bottombe used indoors or outdoors , support be played with alone or with multipule children .The Squigz toy would be amusement for a child in this age group because it has very brightcolors , wakeful to put together , has a fun poping sound when they are pulled apart , andhave multipule places to be played with.3. Would a parent select this toy? Why and why not?I believe a parent would buy any of the ternion toys here, they all have appealingpackaging , larger pieces, and all have extended pie ces or split that can be purchasednd added later for more activity and fun with the original toys.All of these toys are unisex, and can be played with either boys or girls ,all can encourage learning , creativity, patience ,small motor as well as gross motor skills.4. Would you select this toy to use with a child in this age group ? Why or why not ?Yes I would select any of these toys for the children in our classroom of 3 to 5 yearolds. They all seem fun , safe , and encourage playing and using small motrot skillsaswell as gross motor skills , all seem easily explained and easy to use without a lot ofextra directions , they all encourage creativity , very open ended play and does nothave a definitive winner , loser so play can go on and on aslong as the children areengaged , they seem to be able to line up to being played with inside or outside, tobeing played with multiple children as well as just a single child and will still be fun andfunctional, all have replacement parts or extra parts so play can go on and on.

The Mass Media and Social Construction Essay Example for Free

The Mass Media and Social Construction EssayThe mass media industry is implicated in social construction. There are shipway of Seeing which serve state-corporate interests at the expense of the interests of the mess. This is because there is a direct relationship between the mainstream press and the political economy of state-corporate capitalism in the construction of the traitorously macrocosm. The system of capitalism heavily indoctrinates the population through the mainstream press. The mass media fulfils this duty, because it is owned and controlled by the corporate class. In other words, economics and media are inter-linked.Herman and Chomsky provide evidence for this reality in Manufacturing take over. (Herman and Chomsky) They show how the mainstream press is expire by the political economy and how the viewer is made into a pawn. The two authors build a propaganda poser in which they reveal how the U.S. government exploits the media to enforce control over the na tion. The mass media, therefore, is a corporate bastard that is used to indoctrinate the population. The viewer is told what kind of desire he should have.If a person watches the media carefully, he volition be able to see that authoritative programs have hidden messages and assumptions that reveal a certain virgule against certain groups. Even the language that is used is based on certain premises that the corporate gild needinesss people to recollect is normal. even all of these messages chassis values. To a large extent, this process is about how people give approval to their own domination without even knowing it.Herman and Chomsky reveal how the language of the U.S. mass media is really very limited. The parameters of debate are very narrow. What this basically means is that people think they are having a free-for-all discussion, but in fact it is the negation of discussion. Herman and Chomsky demonstrate how the marketplace and the economics of publishing try to shape the news we receive. A certain message is sent out that tries to limit the way people think about things. In this way, people are brainwashed.Thus, the corporate-run media basically shapes the desires and opinions ofthe majority of people. This is because producers and advertisers have an interest in reinforcing certain ideologies. This is, therefore, a political battle. Economic elites retain their power by shaping and moulding social reality through the means of mass media. As Chomsky and Herman reveal, for example, American media employs a double standard in the ship canal it treats the crimes committed by enemy countries and the crimes committed by friendly countries. (Chomsky, pp.30-33) This serves a certain political agenda.Thus, it becomes clean-living that there is a direct relationship between the mainstream press and the political economy of state-corporate capitalism in the construction of social reality. The system of capitalism hides behind the scenes of this manipula tion, but it is really pulling the strings. There is a propaganda model which we are a part of. The mass media serves as a corporate tool in this manipulation of what we are. That is why John Berger has told us about his issue of Ways of Seeing. (Berger) It turns out that what we see is non necessarily what we are seeing.Berger makes an important point when he says that publicity falsely proposes that purchases of things will change the consumer. Yet we know that this is a lie. Nonetheless, people but into the lie of announce. People are simply led to bank that they are making a choice, when in fact all that is happening is the negation of choice.This is where Bergers point also becomes relevant, since Berger shows how advertising promises to change the consumer. But only sameness results. Thus, he r reveals that advertising actually steals something from the consumer and then sells it bear at a certain price. Berger writes that, The spectator-buyer is meant to envy as she will become if she buys the product. She is meant to imagine herself transformed by the product into an object of envy for others, an envy which will then justify her loving herself. (Berger, p.134)This is the way that people are made to believe that they simply have to be consumers in order to be authoritative by the society in which they live. If they do not buy what they are told, and if they do not want to own certain things, then they are simply not a part of the society that is deemed to be normal. In this way, we see how the mass media industry isimplicated in social construction. There are Ways of Seeing which serve state-corporate interests at the expense of true freedom for people.Works CitedBerger, John. Ways of Seeing (Pelican)Herman and Chomsky. Manufacturing Consent (Pantheon)

Ignominy in the Puritan Community Essay Example for Free

Ignominy in the prude Community analyseThe title of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter refers to the literal symbol of ignominy that Hester Prynnes lodge forces her to carry as a reminder of her depravity. Though the phrase ignominy is used in sympathetic passages that take out Hester Prynnes disgrace as an adulteress and out-of-wedlock mother, its use at the same time reveals an extremely critical description of Hesters community Hawthorne finds that what is truly disgraceful is the way the community relishes and exploits the opportunity to punish unrivaled of its members. Through powerful diction and imagery describing Hesters sin and through saintly representations of Hesters bag and wholeness, Hawthorne reveals his discernment toward Hester. The narrator commiserates with Hester when the reader first encounters her walking to her daily everyday shaming upon the marketplaces scaffold.He writes, her beauty shone out and made a gang of misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped (50). The intelligence activity halo suggests an angelic, until now saintly quality, compared to the sin for which she is being publicly disgraced as punishment, making her circumstance much complex than simply one of punished sin. That she is enveloped by disgrace implies that her disconcert derives more from her surroundings than from her sin Hawthornes use of misfortune also demonstrates the narrators charity toward Hester, once again suggesting that her disgrace comes as much from the communitys display of her sin as from the sin itself. Hawthorne portrays Hester sympathetically yet again in her encounter with Chillingworth in the prison. The disguised physician declares Hester to be a statue of ignominy, before the people (68). Ironically, Chillingworth, in the role of a healer, here admonishes rather than helps Hester. His actors line, intended to threaten and punish Hester, in fact, spark sympathy for her in the reader.Similarly, later in t he novel, while Hester and Dimmesdale talk in the forest, briefly away from the opprobrium of the Puritan community, Hawthorne describes how Hester Prynne must take up again the burden of her ignominy (170), on her return to the settlement. The use of the words must and again reveal Hesters continual forced obligation to wear and be a symbol of shame in her community, and show again the narrators sympathy toward her. The fact that she is burdened by disgrace illustrates the extreme weight of her painful, shunned ensure, thus establishing the cause for the narrators sympathy for Hester. As Hawthorne shows empathy regarding Hester as she leaves the prison, he also condemns the harsh experience inflicted on her by the community, The very law that condemned herhad held her up, through the dreaded ordeal of her ignominy (71).The words terrible ordeal not only reinforce the narrators sympathy toward the protagonist, moreover also suggest that the narrator is judging the community, not Hester. By revealing the communitys enjoyment and cruelty in punishing Hester, Hawthorne criticizes the Puritans ideas of justice and mercy through both assertive diction and direct communication with the reader. When A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys descry at the ignominious letter on her breast (52), the reader sees the eager pleasure and excitement witnesses experience from Hesters circumstance. Here Hesters disgrace has become both an entertainment and an educational device. The narrator continues with, she mayhap underwent an agonyas if her heart had been flung into the street for them all to spurn and trample upon (52). With this description, Hesters humanity is maintained, even when the community, all of it, objectifies her as a teaching tool.The image of her heart flung, spurned and trampled upon demonstrates both the narrators sympathy toward Hester and animosity toward Puritan society, regardless of the age of the member. Shortly after his description of the schoo lboys callous intervention of Hester, the narrator continues with a harsh account of the scaffold and pillory once employed upon it, that instrument of correspond that represented the very ideal of ignominy (52). The pillory reflects the nature of the communitys sense of justice, and the narrator finds it extremely harsh. The word ideal, often associated with perfection, suggests that the pillory signifies the ultimate desired effect of ignominy public shame from which the sinner cannot turn away.Next, it would seem that Hawthorne speaks out directly and emotionally to the reader, declaring, There can be no outrage, methinks, against our common nature, whatever be the delinquencies of the individual, no outrage more flagrant than to forbid the culprit to pelt his face for shame (52). Hawthorns use of word methinks suggests his forceful personal address on this issue of cruelty he weighs in powerfully against the malice of the Pilgrim community that punishes Hester, even if it ha s not subjected her to the pillory. The word no implies Hawthornes view that this punishment is an absolute violation of human decency on the part of any(prenominal) community that turns a criminal into a victim by inflicting the use of a pillory. The letter A Hester must wear shows that the Puritans have externalized Hester as part of her punishment for committing adultery.The Puritan community is again portray as disgraceful when John Wilson, the eldest man of the cloth of Boston (60), steps forward above the scaffold where Hester continues to stand. He had carefully prepared himself for the occasion (63). Clearly, the words carefully prepared show Wilson relishing the public opportunity to punish Hester. He delivers to the community a discourse on sin, in all its branches, but with continual reference to the ignominious letter (63). His repeated reference to the scarlet letter underscores his depersonalization of Hester in her disgrace, without any consideration of her human suffering.The word ignominious reflects as much about the opportunistic clergyman and the punishing Pilgrim audience as it does about Hesters sin. The narrator continues, So forcefully did Wilson dwell upon this symbol, for the bit or more during which his periods were rolling over the peoples heads, that it assumed new terrors in their visual sensation (63). The length of this sermon, and the nature of Wilsons rolling delivery show the clergymans intention to power hammer his message into the crowd and fire up its punishing judgment.Hawthorne continues to criticize the community as he places Hester historically at the site where she was first disgraced. The narrator notes, If the ministers voice had not kept her thither, there would nevertheless have been an inevitable magnetism in that spot, whence she dated the first second of her emotional state of ignominy (211). Implied is the idea that the power of public shaming by the community causes her to remain. Specifically, by no ting that the scaffold is where the first hour of her life of ignominy began the author criticizes the community by revealing that Hester did not experience ignominy until being publicly disgraced on the scaffold, even though her sin had been committed many months prior.With his use of the word ignominy, Hawthorne repeats throughout The Scarlet Letter the cruelty, judgmental attitude, and narrow-mindedness of Puritan society. He portrays Hesters community as condemning sinners mercilessly, refusing to accept ideas that are foreign to their ways of living or thinking. In this way, the townspeople depersonalize Hester, suggesting that she and her disgrace are one. Hester is seen as her sin, not as a complex human being with complicated, fluid unknown, circumstances.

Rate of cooling Essay Example for Free

Rate of cooling EssayThe problem for this experiment is to investigate the aim of cooling in three different types of cups. They will be used as typical burnt umber cups for commercial purposes. The cups a polystyrene cup, a paper cup and a plastic cup. Water has a graduate(prenominal) specific come alive capacity. This invents it a in truth useful material for storing and carrying heat energy. Its heat capacity is 4200 joules per kilo per i C (4200J/kg i C). heating plant tends to flow away from a calorificter object to a cooler surroundings. Heat is mainly lost I conduction, convection, ray of light and evaporation.For this experiment I will be only using convection, radiation, evaporation because conduction is mainly in solids. Convection Convection mainly occurs in gasses and liquids gases and liquids are truly poor conductors so convection is usually dominant process. When convection cant occur, the heat transfer by conduction is very slow. Convection only occurs when the more energetic particles convey from hotter region to a cooler region and take their heat energy with them. Convection doesnt happen in solids because there are no particles movement.Radiation Radiation travels through anything transparent. Heat radiation is given out by anything warm or hot. The amount of it that is repeated or released depends on the colour and texture of the material. Heat radiation is also called infra-red radiation. It consists purely of electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency. whole objects continually absorb and release heat radiation. The hotter the object the more heat radiation it release. Dark surfaces absorb more heat radiation than bright surfaces.Silver surfaces reflect nearly all heat radiation falling on them. Evaporation Evaporation is when water vanishes without boiling it to variety into gas. This is because some liquid molecules move faster than others and the ones close to the surface may escape and form a gas. Variables These are things that may change during an experiment The independent varying These are things that I will decide to change e. g. the material of the cup, substitution equipment.The dependent variable This is the measurement that is effected by the independent variable e. g. the rate of cooling. The control variable These are the things that I will try to keep the same so I can make sure that its a fair test e. g. volume of water, room temperature, size of the cups etc. Hypothesis I predict that the polystyrene cup would cool pop out the slowest because it has thick walls and when you go to restaurants and ask for a hot drink they give it in polystyrene cup. I think the paper cup will cool down the quickest because its made out of paper and paper has thin walls and it absorbs water.

Environmental Pollution Essay Example for Free

Environmental Pollution quizEnvironmental taint is the biggest menace to the human race on this planet today. It means adding impurity to environment. The environment consists of earth, piddle, line of work, plants and animals. If we pollute them, then the existence of man and nature give be hampered. It is true that trees are existence cut down rapidly. Our earth is becoming warmer. If pollution continues, the day is not far when our earth will be a boiling pan and become a desert. Or it will be cover with sea water causing destruction of mankind. Pure railway line is always needed for inhaling.If we take polished air, our health improves. On the other hand adulterated air courtings diseases and impairs our health and causes our death. Smoke pollutes the air. It is the root of air pollution. The smoke which is discharged from industries, automobiles and kitchens is the mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane etc. These are all poisonous gases. These cause lung-cancer, tuberculosis etc. which take a heavy toll of life. The glaring incident is the Bhopal gas safety valve in December 1984.Thousands of the residents of Bhopal died due to lungs problem which was caused by methylamine gas from the Union Carbide Plant. The garbage emitting foul smell, the decaying plants and animals besides cause air pollution. Hence the doctors advise the patients having lungs trouble to settle in some rural places because the air of villages is pure and free from population. Then comes unplumbed pollution. The harsh sounds of buses, its, mopeds etc. affect our power of hearing and causes farting trouble. It has been reported that there are two villages named Biraspalli and Devadas Palli near Dum Dum airport m Calcutta where a large bod of people render lost their power of hearing. This is because of the frequent sounds of planes coming in and going out of Dum Dum Airport. The evils of sound pollution can be imagined from this example.The water of r ivers and seas is being constantly soil all over the universe by various dangerous chemical and biological prodigalitys. Mills and factories discharge very harmful waste waters into many rivers and sea. The water of the Ganges flowing by the side of both Varanashi and Calcutta is extremely polluted and contains all sorts of dangerous bacteria. It is really very strange and laughable that large number of the Indians regard this water as holy. They even drink this water for salvation. There is no doubt that the fish that grow in such waters are poisonous too.Reckless application of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides pollutes the soil. Vegetables and fruits are quite insalubrious today, because they contain the poison of insecticides and pesticides. If the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil which produces our crops, vegetables and fruits, all become much and more impure, then our chances of good health and longevity will be very less and less. Environme nt pollution is a serious menace to our existence. Realising the danger, we must plant trees in large number to absorb impure air. Impure water from industries can be sent back for purification and then it can be used for irrigation purpose. Our government is well aware of the fact and is taking steps to save environment from pollution. We have also I minister to look after the environment.

Discus Definition Essay Example for Free

Discus explanation Essay1. Discus is a complex sport that requires skill and a lot of teach. The dish is held in the dominant hand putting the first knuckles of your fingers around the edge. Your hand must be revolve wide but non strained. You must orient your wrist so your index finger is in a flash in make with your fore spike. You must then align yourself with the target area, either at your left bring up or behind you. Most professionals impertinence away from the target, which requires another 90 degrees of spin and can be a more than difficult manoeuvre but optimizes regurgitateing race on a properly penalize redact. Just before your right leg is planted, your left leg should rise take out the ground with the whim of your spin. As your right leg plants, your left leg should move low and fast around your organic structure to plant in line with the right leg at the look of the circle. The left leg plants firm and the absolute impetus of the body is dir ected into the extended right arm.The hips drive through the rotation to face the target while the shoulders and arm trail behind and then snap through. The saucer is released off the front of the fingers, rolling off the index finger, which imparts clockwise spin. The skeletal system has a major contribution as it provides the movement during the dish aerial fancy. The phalanges and metatarsals are used to leave behind the movement in the feet when spinning and swivelling. The feet play a very significant role throughout the en run over preparation and spue. The tarsals in the ankles are gliding joints which aloneow for the ankles to create the joint achievement of dorsi workion and plantar flexion when the man-to-man turns their body in preparation for the throw. During the dish throw, the athlete lifts one foot in a plantar flexion whilst the other foot girdle in the dorsiflexion limit. During the whole throw, the legs are constantly flexed and extension is not made un til the dish antenna has been released and the athlete is not longer in motion.The vertebral column, consisting of the cervical vertebrae, thoracic curvature and the lumbar curvature, allows movement in the dust. When the mortal spins, the vertebral allows the trunk to rotate from look to side. Included in the trunk is the sternum and the rib cage. The kneecap is a condyloid joint is in a bent while the tibia, fibula and femur are all flexing as rotation is taking place. The pelvis which is a ball and socket joint allows flexion in the legs. The phalanges and the metacarpals flex as the dish is clenchped. The carpals in the wrist are gliding joints, which rotate and flex as the arm swings tush and forth across the body in order to keep a solid grip on the discus. The fingers extend when releasing the discus in order to get distance. The elbow, which is a hinge joint, allows deviation when coming back across the body after hyperextension behind the body. It is then in a pron ation position when extended forward.The muscular system also plays a major role in throwing a discus. The entire muscular system is required to enable to discus throw. The tibialis anterior, located near the tibia, allows the feet to produce the action of dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion. For the knee to be able to flex, the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings perform a concentric movement whilst the quad and tibialis anterior create the eccentric movement because they lengthen. The erector spinae allows for the back to extend when the individual swings their arms back and forth around their body in preparation of releasing the discus. This allows for the muscle length to increase so that muscle is completing an eccentric contraction. Because the body is moving from side to side, the external obliques flex as the trunk rotates.Whilst the athlete is moving to the left, the left hand side obliques shorten, performing the concentric muscle contraction. At the equivalent time the ri ght external oblique is lengthening. This is constantly swapping as the athlete swings their arms from side to side. The cowl muscle elevates the shoulders and extends while the pectorals flex when the arms moves. The pectorals are performing concentric contractions and the trapezius is performing eccentric contractions. In the amphetamine body the deltoids are extending as the arms hyperextend behind the body, which is an eccentric contraction, although it is becoming a concentric contraction as the arms move towards the front of the body. As the arm flexes, the bicep is performing a concentric contraction whilst the triceps perform eccentric contractions. The rectus abdominals are an isometric muscle contraction as they do not play a major role in performing discus.2. In performing discus there are six main physical fitness and movement components. Three being health-related components and tether being skill-related components. Muscular military force is highly necessary in dis cus. The more muscular strength an individual has, the barely distance the discus will go. Flexibility is also a component of fitness baffling in discus. It is one of the most neglected but most vital elements to an athlete. There are many another(prenominal) different reaching techniques a discus athlete should perform in preparation. These include straddle stretch, upper groin stretch, butterfly groin stretch, trunk twist, open arm stretch, triceps stretch, cuff stretch. The skill related components that discus potter posses are power, coordination and balance.There are many different training techniques that all professional discus throwers need to be able to perform. The first is weight lifting. Discus throwers should incorporate upper body and turn away body exercises. For the upper body, perform workouts that train the essential muscles for discus throwing. These include bench press, shoulder press, triceps extensions, and shoulder lifts, exercises that modify the stren gth of the shoulders and arms to generate a longer throw. For the lower body, perform squats, lunges, and box jumps to improve leg power. Discus throwing includes a high level of intensity and a sudden burst of speed for a short interval of time. Another way discus throwers can train is by apply medicine balls. Use a medicine ball to perform exercises that mimic throwing the disc. To increase oblique strength, throw a medicine ball from your hip against a wall and catch on the opposite side of your body.Repeat to strengthen both sides of the body. This strengthens the upper body by simulating similar movements to discus throwing. As with strength training, medicine ball exercises should be performed at maximum intensity. Another training technique is the tire flip. The tire flip improves explosiveness, endurance and full body muscle strength. Flip the tire as many generation as you can at full intensity. The tire flip works the muscles necessary for the discus throw and greatly im proves conditioning. There are also other training techniques for discus throwers such as stretching and the dragoon expressing. Athletes should perform a complete stretching routine before and after each training session. Since discus throwing incorporates all muscles of the body, take the time to stretch each muscle group thoroughly.Throwing a discus is an extremely intense movement, forcing your body to twist and jerk at high speed. Competitors can easily vilify a function of muscle groups if they fail to prepare the muscles for the movements by stretching and warming up. The sandbag carry will develop your core and strengthen your abdominal muscles. As you throw the disc, your body is twisted at a high speed to generate power. Your abdominal muscles generate this twist as your arm swings around. The sandbag carry develops strength and endurance for this muscle group. This exercise also strengthens the shoulders and the arms.3. Biomechanical principles deal with the scientifi c basis of tender movement. Analysis of the way the body moves during the sport has led to improved and advances performance using newly demonstrable techniques and modified or changed sports equipment. The first aspect of biomechanics that has an model on discus is motion. Angular motion and momentum are the most influential in discus. Angular motion is motion in a turn or circular path. Discus is the best example of angular motion, as the thrower is moving in a circular path in preparation for the release of the discus. Linear and angular motion are combined in most movement activities. Momentum is the amount of motion possessed by a moving object. A moving object has a certain mass and velocity and the two of these unitedly equals the momentum. The great the momentum of the body, the greater the tendency to resist changes in motion. External forces can have an influence on momentum, as can internal forces.The greater the mass, the greater the momentum. When professional at hletes spin in circles will preparing to throw the discus, they are aiming to gain momentum in order for the disk to go a further distance. Balance and constancy also occur in discus. Dynamic balance is balance in motion. period the discus thrower is beginning their throw, they must keep dynamic balance in order for their throw to go as preferred. There are many factors that influence stability. These include mass, base of support, centre of gravity, stability and mobility. The greater the mass of the discus thrower, the more stable the body is likely to be. The larger the bass of support, the greater the stability. This is why taking larger steps while circling will benefit the thrower and give them more stability. The lower a persons centre of gravity, the greater the stability. The line of gravity must be located within the supporting base to increase stability, therefore the closer to the ground the discus thrower is the more stable they will be and will get more distance in t heir throw. The momentum of an object directly affects stability in motion.The faster the discus throw is going, the more stable they are with their throw. The larger the mass, the greater its stability. Taller discus throwers will be less stable in motion than shorter discus throwers because of the height of their centre of gravity. Force is something that causes movement. A force may be a push or pull, that causes a change in the shape of an object or body. Forces can be internal or external. The body can apply force using the summation of forces. This is a combination of a number of forces working in sequence. For example in discus, forces produced by the feet, legs, arms, wrists and fingers produce the large forced used to throw the discus as far as possible.The body also applies force by Newtons Third Law for every applied force there is an equal and opposite force. For example in discus the thrower exerts a force against the ground and an equal and opposite force pushes the th rower off the ground. Applying force to objects depends on a number of factors. These include magnitude which is the amount of force that has been applied to the discus, program line which is the way the force is applied to the discus, the point of application which is the spot where the force is applied to the discus and the line of action which is the point of application plus the direction of the force.