The field of organizational behaviour Essay Example for Free

The field of organizational behaviour Essay Introduction: The organization is the result of a process of organizing a group of people, aimed at achieving common goals that their complexity cannot be achieved by one person. So, the organization has developed from the need to produce goods in much higher than in times past could make workers in their workshops. Also, the organization has emerged as a necessity to increase efficiency and quality work. We can say the organization is a system that is characterized by a specific functional structure and a process through which the common targets and specific. For example, the university is a organization that integrates student, teacher, administrator and laboratory technical staff, aimed at the generation, transfer and diffusion of knowledge. In any organization there are two fundamental processes: a process for achieving products and services for which an organization was created and a management process to ensure implementation of the first in terms of efficiency and quality Organization is characterized by an internal environment, external environment and a functional interface between the two environments. Being an open system, we see the existence of the system input streams and output streams of system. Internal environment is characterized by the existence of generalized field of forces and a transformation of input into output. External environment are characterized by having a generalized field of forces that act continuously on the organization, at its interface with the intern environment .If these forces are stronger than the internal environment, the organization declines and if adaptation measures are not taken, in this case result bankruptcy. For example: a factory that produces fertilizers for agriculture, manages to successfully sell products market and to ensure good employees a salary. Management of company has developed a dynamic equilibrium between existing forces inside and outside At a time, there is a law protecting the environment and impose more severe  requirements new quantities of harmful substances discharged into the atmosphere or wastewaters .This means that the external environment have developed strong legislative force, for which there is enough strength inside and so was some imbalance. To restore the dynamic balance of company is necessary to invest in new technologies for filtering and treating harmful substances, in order to meet new standards. If fails this, technological line may be closed and if the company has no other viable processes, the company may go bankruptcy. The organization is on based two structures: a functional and organizational structure. The ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE of units is all position work and departments that make up the unit, their grouping and subordination including links to be established between them to carry out properly all work tasks. When is projected, a rational and efficient organization structure must meet certain general requirements such as covering the whole spectrum of activities of the organization and to distribute them properly, to ensure continuity and fluidity in carrying out, to ensure that management units at each level as possible that each have a single chief subordinated; also be flexible to adapt to different light requirements: amplification for organization development, job cuts for a decline in the organization etc.. Characteristic elements of an organizational structure are: position, function, hierarchical level, department, hierarchical share, and functional connexion. POSITION is a set of tas ks, objectives, powers and responsibilities incumbent in regularly and one permanent employee. FUNCTION represents all jobs with the same characteristics .So, in organization more employees can work with as head of department or head office. HIERARCHICAL SHARE is number of employees led by a directly manager. In a mid-sized or large enterprise hierarchy shares is 4-8 subordinates for positions located in the upper half of the managerial pyramid and can grow up to 20-30 subordinates, as the hierarchical level approaches the bottom. DEPERTMENT are all employees divided into groups subordinate to the same manager. HIERARCHICAL LEVEL represents all departments that are at the same distance from the top of hierarchical pyramid management. As hierarchical level has a lower value, the better will be more levels in that organization. As the number of hierarchical levels is greater with both the managerial pyramid is higher. As the number of hierarchical levels is smaller, so the pyramid becomes flattened. For example, Ford inherited an organizational structure with 17 vertical levels of hierarchy, and the youngest company Toyota has only 5 hierarchical levels. FUNCTIONAL CONNEXION is necessary to integrate all functional activities. Connexions or links include: vertical, horizontal and vertical and oblique. Organizational structure with the functional integration is performed using the following concepts: authority, responsibility, delegation, centralization, decentralization and specialization. AUTHORITY managers can ensure order. Subordinate first decision you need to implement even if they sometimes have different views. RESPONSIBILITY we all know that accepting a job, is implicitly and accountability to achieve the objectives set and answer for their failure to achieve. DELEGATION is a share transfer, for a period of time, a decision of a competent other people, at a lower hierarchical level .Superiors delegates, transferring authority to subordinates in order to facilitate the activity. Another important structure underlying an organization is FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE which we can say that involve functions such as research and development function, production function, the function of commercial, financial accounting function and staff function. About research and development function we can say that integrates aimed at generating new knowledge and ideas on the production and their introduction .Innovation is one of the most powerful and competitive strategies of firm .This includes activities such as: forecasting activities, research, development and innovation, implementation and evaluation of results. Another function is the production: the company that processes inputs in order to enable the products and services to satisfy the law are basically existential demand consumers. Basically, production is the existential law firm. Function of production includes activities such as programming,  scheduling and monitoring production, manufacture or use, control processes and outcomes, and repair equipment Commercial operation is achieved in two ways: from environment to organization and from organization to external environment. In environment first case the function performs supply material resource, energy, financial and information organization and in the latter function makes the sale and selling or offering products and services to population. Base activities of this function are supply, sales and marketing. Financial accounting function includes all activities that provide financial resources necessary to achieve business objectives and out value financial cycle of organization. In achieve this function .There are three major activities: financial activities, accounting and financial control management. FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES represents all processes which determine and obtain the necessary financial resources for firm. ACCOUNTING objectives relate to activities which highlight the value recorded and material and financial resources management financial of organization. FINANCIAL CONTROL MANAGEMENT refers to activities which check legal compliance regarding the existence, integrity, use and storage of material goods and money which is equipped organization. PERSONNEL FUNCTION integrates activities that comprise the recruitment, hiring, training and continuous improvement staff organization. This function has activities like: evaluation of staffing, personnel selection, framing staff, performance appraisal, motivation and training personnel. FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE is a classical structure, characterized by aggregation of positions in homogeneous department which performs a function of the organization. For example, the entire organization is structured on the departments like: research and development department, production department, human resources, accounting department and marketing department. Efficiency potential of functional structure is achieved by specialized employees in defined areas of activities and their motivation by allowing hierarchical promotion to the top pyramid. When diversify company production very much and is distributed across many intern and international markets can begin to find problems between units responsible for carrying out various products. Functional structure is used in centralized and remain  effective as long as the field strength variations in the external environment is very slow, and if the changes are predictable. In a highly dynamic external environment that requires quick reactions from firms to adapt, functional structure behaves rigid and higher response times to changes. Some of the advantages of functional structure are: creating conditions for specialized personnel to increase efficiency of staff capacity;-departments employees must communicate regulated. About disadvantage of functional structure:-enhancing coordination comportment difficulty because of its sequence of activities; some employees get work of their department rather than the benefit of the organization;-company conflicts between departments when business objectives are met, each compartment tending to exculpate. The functional organizational structure is characterized by the formation of groups that share similar functions. (SCOTT HEBERT). Other important structures underlying on organization are CENTRALIZATION and DECENTRALIZATION. Centralization is concentration in higher management authorities, in which most decisions are developed and has strong control over structural hierarchy organization. DECENTRALIZATION is granted autonomy in decision-making managers to average and lower. Centralization advantages are: control, stability, coordination, responsibility, economies of scale. Centralization has disadvantages such as the implementation of decisions takes more time, because managers must obtain approval from all relevant authorities. Also narrow spectrum management activities. Advantages decentralization activities are: speed, flexibility, responsiveness, relevance, motivation. DECENTRALIZATION disadvantages are: diseconomies of scale; more difficult to ensure consistent practices and policies (customer might prefer consistency from location to location) Fast-food business like Burger King and Pizza Hut use a predominantly centralised structure. Also, McDonalds is an excellent example of company with centralised structure. These restaurants are typically franchises they all receive food and packaging from the same approved vendors. All  decision-making about menus and marketing are made at the corporate level in the America. Major supermarket chain like Morrison and Tesco use a decentralised structure .Each supermarket has a store manager who can make certain decision concerning areas like staffing, sales promotion. The store manager is responsible to a regional or area manager. Honda Motor Co. is a company with a decentralized structure. Honda develops its products in the regional markets in which it operates. The company has over 500 subsidiaries and affiliates throughout the world. The company is headed by an executive council Japan, but operations are divided across six regions (Honda, 2009). This allows Honda to sell  cars and motorcycles that are most suited to the preferences of each region. Additionally, the fact that Honda vehicles are manufactured in the region they are sold encourages the local population to view these vehicles more positively.(SCOTT HEBERT). Other models of organizational structure are product based structure, divisional structure, matrix structure, geographically structure, network structure and team structure. PRODUCT BASED STRUCTURE is a method of identifying all products from units. Advantages: -helps to develop products or services better able to meet customer needs;-oriented staff interest and help increase motivation. Disadvantage: may cause the creation of autonomous units that can be driven hard. DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE is characterized by aggregation of position on the type of products. For each type of products constitute a division. It was created especially for very large companies with production facilities in different geographic areas of the same country or different countries. For example, Suzuki has 6 large factories located in different geographical  areas of Japan. Each manufacture is to produce a certain type of car or motorcycle. Divisional structure allows managerial autonomy for each main division. Advantage of this structure is that employees of a division can focus on any particular type of product and how best to meet the requirements consumers. By aggregation products, divisions are so technologically equipped better meet the quality requirements imposed on the market. Because all employees working for proper tooth-a division of this category of consumers, work relations are converging towards common objectives, avoiding conflict relationships. For divisions located in different geographical areas, functional autonomy allows them to respond adequately local market demands. Divisional structure made an important step in the decentralization process by defining substantial autonomy to each division, which led to better adapt them to different market requirements. The divisional structure divides the company into groups based on product, market, or region.(SCOTT HEBERT). MATRIX STRUCTURE has a vertical reunion of work position according to company functions and horizontal reunion of work positions according to typology product. In such a structure, an employee relates to the requirements of two heads: one vertical head (functional manager) and one horizontal head (product manager). It is a complex structure, whose  effectiveness depends on the professionalism of managers and on the  organizational structure which promotes well quality. Matrix structure is indicated in organization, which have a static functional structure over a dynamic structure overlapping projects. While department heads positively correlated with their functional performance, the project heads positively correlated with duration of their projects. This structure, theoretically offers a lot of advantages, in practice, duality managerial responsibilities is also a high potential conflict. Also, because is complexity structure appear difficulties for assessing performance and identifying opportunities for quality improvement. Several advantages of matrix structure are: flexibility and shaping them so  as to obtain maximum efficiency and better utilization of resources;- information circulates more rapidly, using both the vertical and horizontal flows of communication. Some disadvantages of matrix structure are: the existence of several command lines may affect the dilution of responsibilities;-conflicts may occur between the desire to hold managers more authority;-although information move faster decision-making process takes longer, meetings due to be held between department managers in the decision. GEOGRAPHICALLY STRUCTURE: organization operates in different areas, regions, countries or continents. Local manager is responsible for all activity performed by the company in his area and is subordinate to the general manager of company (head office). Advantages: -the power to decide local managers; -knowledge in detail the coordinates local-market knowledge that can be better exploited locally. Disadvantages:-differences of language and culture that could prevent the information flow;-lack of interest in promoting regional departments of new products,  made at central head. The McDonalds business is a geographical structure, divided its operation into 5 geographical division. McDonalds has over 31,000restaurants in 120 countries. TEAM STRUCTURE can be implemented in companies with a high degree of decentralization. Teams are so they can make a full product. In a team, each employee must be able to perform several types of operations such as assembly teammates to be able to integrate work in making a finished product. Team structure led to decentralization advanced production and management, thus increasing the flexibility to adapt and significantly reduce response time to change. Advantages: workers are motivated; response decision-making takes place in a quick time; -level management is removed:-costs are administration in  reduced. Disadvantages: conflicts between team members; increased time spent in meetings; -time-management issues. NETWORK STRUCTURE is based on the most advanced information technologies and the explosive development internet .Is very  decentralized structure and dynamic, able to change and adapt fast. Network structure is composite of various people or organizations, located on a large geographical area, aimed at achieving a common goal with the contribution, skills and resources. Partners in a organization have legal status and electronic connections depend on coordination of their activities. For example, MITSUBISHI group consists of several companies (28), being joined by other members holding shares through collaborative relationships and the social links .Of MITSUBISHI group, remark 3 main companies:-MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRY (for production); MITSUBISHI BANK (for finance) and MITSUBISHI CORPORATION (for marketing). Advantages network structure:-facilitate the achievement of objectives complex, impossible to achieve on their own. CONCLUSION I managed to expose previously, multiple organizational structures, each one with similarities and differences. Indifferent of the structure underlying an organization, all structure having the common goals which are favourable business itself. Each structure in part aims to reach maximum business success through efficiency and quality of work that are performed in the organization. REFERENCE Cliffs Notes-Principles of Management: Five Approaches to Organisational Design. McDonald steam3.blogspot.co.uk Practical management.com-Transforming Theories Into Practice. Scott Hebert (Mar.23 rd. 2009)-Introduction to Organizational Structure. Scott Hebert (Jan.30th. 2009)-Market Strategy and Organizational Structure: Three Companies. Study Notes: People Management.

Lab Report: Effect Pollution has on Water :: essays research papers

A. Question Being Addressed: The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between pollution and water while the physical properties of water are held fixed. I am going to compare the â€Å"polluted† water with the purified water and see if it changed in anyway. For this experiment, I’m going to use water containing sand and oil to get â€Å"polluted† water. Also, I am going to use two methods of separation of substances, distillation to remove the oil, and filtration to remove the sand. Then I am going to use activated charcoal to remove any dissolved substances in the water. After that the water is purified. Independent Variable: Pollution Dependent Variable: Water Constant Variable: Physical Properties of Water Other constant variable include a graduated cylinder, 250 m beakers, pieces of filter paper, plastic spoons, a rubber band, washed fine sand and activated charcoal, plastic-foam cups. B. Hypothesis: â€Å"If the pollution is decreased then the water will decrease inversely because the removal of the pollutants from the liquid will affect some of water’s physical properties† C. Method and Procedure Materials: ï  ¶, Graduated cylinder ï  ¶, 4, 250 ml beakers ï  ¶, 2 plastic spoons ï  ¶, A small nail ï  ¶, 2, 8 oz. plastic-foam cups ï  ¶, 2 pieces of filter paper ï  ¶, Washed fine sand ï  ¶, Washed activated charcoal ï  ¶, Scissors, metric ruler, rubber band ï  ¶, â€Å"Polluted Water† Procedure 1. Measure 100ml of polluted water into a graduated cylinder and pour it into a beaker 2. Separate oil by pouring it into another beaker. Use a plastic spoon to remove the last bit. 3. Use the nail to pole 5 to 10 small holes in the bottom of the cup, and fit the filter paper in the inside bottom of the cup. 4. Set the cup inside another beaker, fill the cup with 2 cm. of wet sand. 5. Pour the polluted water and let it filter through. 6. Place 3 cm. of activated charcoal in an unused cup, pour the water and stir it with a spoon for about 1 minute. 7. Place a piece of filter paper on top of the cup and fasten it with a rubber band. 8. Let the water filter into a clean beaker. Method of Data Collection 1. Create a table-chart to record the observations 2. The color, clearness, odor, layers, solids and volume will be recorded in the chart for the water before treatment, after the oil separation, after the sand filtration and after the usage of charcoal.

Silence As A Technique To Show Time English Literature Essay

Literary silence can be used to function several intents. Silence can be used to make a tragic ambiance, to convey out unhappiness, surprise or daze, to stress the lines before and after it and it can besides be used to construct up suspense and emotion. This essay will research the relationship between clip and silence in The Outsider and Waiting for Godot. â€Å" Silence fills this hollow universe, Silence is the pick we make, Silence is the decease of this all, Silence is our destiny. † This infusion from Okami Kamikaze ‘s verse form, ‘Eternal silence ‘ seems to suit Beckett ‘s drama absolutely. The silence is contributed to the drama by the intermissions mentioned in the phase waies. In fact there is no logical idea procedure in the drama as it is interrupted by the intermissions. The intermissions and silences in the drama make a unfertile and tragic ambiance that the characters seem to fear. â€Å" Silence is pouring into the drama like H2O into a sinking ship † , to cite Beckett. The silence, crisp, echoing and resonating seems to make much torment in the supporters. It is this upseting silence that the characters try to avoid through useless babbling, throughout the drama. The silence is a consequence of the decomposition of the establishment of linguistic communication, therefore we see short duologues, nervous laughter and long drawn intermissions. The intermissions and silences besides help in making an air of uncertainness that like the echoing silence envelops the full drama. This is evidenced by the fact that the characters, Vladimir and Estragon are diffident about everything from the day of the month, clip, twenty-four hours, to their intent and the individuality of Godot. â€Å" VLADIMIR: He said Saturday. ( Pause. ) I think. Tarragon: ( really insidious ) . But what Saturday? And is it Saturday? Is it non instead Sunday? ( Pause. ) Or Monday? ( Pause. ) Or Friday? † Time in waiting for Godot behaves in a funny manner, it is cloudy. Time assumes an intangible quality and lacks definition. It seems to stand still as if it were waiting for Godot excessively. This inactive consequence is created through the insistent actions of characters like looking in their chapeau, taking off boots and the similar. The drama with the deficiency of any background music is enshrouded in silence, making a inactive medium for clip. The tree in the background appears wastes in Act I and is covered with leaves the following. The carrot in the first act becomes a radish in the 2nd. A alteration usually taking hebdomads or likely months happens in a individual dark. This is besides the lone manner the readers are made cognizant of the transition of clip. The couple of Lucky and Pozzo besides undergo a enormous alteration all in the span of one dark. Lucky becomes deaf-and-dumb person and Pozzo, blind. The reaching of the courier male child signals the terminal of a twenty-four hours. The reaching of Lucky and Pozzo brings with it one-dimensionality to clip, the minute they leave, clip becomes cloudy once more. The characters Lucky and Pozzo have hence been dubbed the ‘Champions of Time ‘ by some critics. It is as if clip is frozen in silence, merely when the silence interruptions, is clip able to travel, merely to go frozen when the steely silence returns. Gunther Andres compactly summarizes clip statin g, â€Å" Although a ‘stream of clip ‘ does n't be any longer, the ‘time stuff ‘ is non petrified yet ; alternatively of a traveling watercourse, clip here has become something like a dead pulp. † I feel that the characters exemplify the phrase, ‘Killing Time ‘ . The ceaseless waiting, the humdrum repeat and the decomposition of linguistic communication completes this activity. Even Lucky and Pozzo who in the beginning are gifted with consciousness of clip after a few proceedingss in the inactive clip of the supporters, lose clip. In the beginning, we find Pozzo look intoing his ticker, so the ticker stops working and eventually he loses his ticker. â€Å" POZZO: aˆÂ ¦ . Thank you, dear chap. ( He consults his ticker. ) But I must truly be acquiring along, if I am to detect my agenda. VLADIMIR: Time has stopped. POZZO: ( snuggling his ticker to his ear ) . Do n't you believe it, Sir, do n't you believe it. ( He puts his ticker back in his pocket. ) Whatever you like, but non that. † Time is so dead in the frame of the supporters. We see Lucky and Pozzo, whom the supporters look up to as privileged existences due to their consciousness of clip, besides pervert and lose their consciousness, going one with the stagnation that is clip. The Outsider is a fresh dealing with the experiential crisis of disaffection and self-alienation by Gallic writer, Albert Camus. In this book, the usage of silence is elusive unlike Waiting for Godot, with its glaring silences and intermissions. Unlike Waiting for Godot, silence here offers a infinite to believe, to concentrate and wait. The narrative manner itself suits the absence of sound. It should be noted that The Outsider has really few cases of direct duologue. Most of the book is written in indirect address that creates an uneven feeling of withdrawal of Meursalt with the secret plan of the book. As a consequence, the full book seems to be encased in silence. However this remains unnoticed by the readers except when the writer draws attending to the silence. Any little, bantam sound makes us recognize the absence of it. This is particularly seen during the imprisonment of Meursalt. In many parts of the book, Meursalt seems to exhibit a stony silence without responding or answering to inquiries and even take parting in conversations. This is possibly because of a deficiency of things to state. Meursalt is, as Camus describes him, â€Å" in love with a Sun that leaves no shadows. † He does non lie but stands for truth. He does non even utter the harmless white prevarications to delight society and to carry through its meaningless imposts. As a consequence most of Meursalt ‘s silence are â€Å" because he does n't play the game. † to cite Camus. Unlike Waiting for Godot, the characters appear to be really cognizant of clip. Time here is a additive entity with definite boundaries.The book has really specific inside informations about clip, forenoon, eventide, hebdomad etc. and that suggests that Meursalt is really cognizant of what is traveling on around him. In The Outsider there is calculated usage of silence is to in two chief cases to demo motion. One is the period of captivity of Meursalt and the other during the test. We find Meursalt tidal bore to acquire it over with. He does non pay any attending to the test and longs to be back in his cell. At the terminal of Meursalt ‘s life, he seems to detest the silence of the audience that comes to watch his executing. They seem to stand still with bated breath while he wants them to clap and hoot handling him like a hero. Silence Kills ; it intensifies his limited clip before his executing conveying into crisp focal point the brevity of his life. Even during his captivity, we find him sitting in silence watching the skies change from twenty-four hours to dark, his senses more crisp and ague than of all time. â€Å" ne'er earlier had my ears picked up so many noises or detected such bantam sounds. † The silence creates a crisp concentration to Meursalt ‘s senses. He waits for something to go on. He waits for person to come. He seems to cognize his destiny at the custodies of a society that does n't cognize and understand him. He seems impatient for this clip to go through into action, an action that might even direct him to his decease. The writer draws our attending to the silence by adverting the bantam noises. â€Å" like a Canis familiaris ‘s death-rattle, my bosom would n't split after all and I ‘d hold gained another 20 four hours. † This line shows that the deathlike silence reflects the long hours of captivity. The silence is possibly to demo the apparently slow passing of clip. Even during the vigil, the silence is about tangible, broken merely by shortness of breaths and oinks. This apart from what Meursalt considers to be an unneeded rite besides serves to show the slow transition of clip. Although we see silence in both books, used to function the same intent, the consequence created is drastically different. Silence and the consciousness of the characters to the transition of clip have successfully created affecting minutes in the texts. They have revealed to us non merely the heads of the characters, but have besides put into perspective life and decease itself. We as readers have been drawn into the whirl of these silences and clip sections with expectancy and we have ne'er been disappointed.

I Am Global, Resilient, And Empathic - 875 Words

Everybody has their strengths and weaknesses. Strength can be defined in countless ways and the strength of someone is unmeasurable. I believe the strength is the unique elements of a person, which help them overcome a challenge. In other word, without the strength a person can’t overcome the obstacles. Strength is the key to open up a new door in your life; door full of opportunities, which will make people grow and improve. There is an old Japanese saying: â€Å"Juunin Toiro,† which means ten people, ten colors. This is saying everybody is different and unique. This goes the same for the strengths of each person. People have different strengths as they cope with the difficulty differently. My strengths are that I am global, resilient, and empathic. When I face a problem, I think up of a solution in two ways. I would think as an American and I would think as a Japanese. Solving and coping with the hardships with two perspectives has helped me become global and also better problem solver. I moved to U.S. from Japan when I was 8 and I have been immersed to both of the cultures evenly. Thus I have two perspectives towards the world as if I have two minds. Moving away from Japan has given me an opportunity to see the weaknesses of my culture. It has also made me realize that I was living in a small world where everybody thought the same way. On the other hand, by having the Japanese cultural view I realized weaknesses of the American culture. Although America is an enormous countryShow MoreRelatedSuccessful Women Hr in India13762 Words   |  56 Pagesinfrastructure CSR), HDFC Bank Ltd â€Å"Like everyone else, I had the same apprehensions, the same concerns about being accepted, heard and majorly, about work-life balance.† I was all set out to be a â€Å"shrink†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦and therefore had taken up Psychology Honors in college. One of my aunts was a clinical psychologist and her insights on people and ability to make a difference fascinated me. When I came to Mumbai from Delhi for my post graduation, I learnt about the Personnel Management and Industrial RelationsRead MoreMID TERM STUDY GUIDE Essay16611 Words   |  67 PagesFreud 3. Adults may underestimate children’s ability to: (7) a. Learn b. Problem-solve c. Recognize reality d. All of the above *** 4. Family conditions that promote resilience include: (11) a. few alternative caretakers. b. older mothers for resilient males. c. opportunities to participate*** d. a strong sense of political commitment. 5. According to your text, some of the things that cause our children problems are the following: (www) (7) a. the changing world, values, and crises *** b

Using Gibbs Reflective Cycle In Coursework - 1639 Words

Using Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle (or Gibbs’ Reflective Model) Gibbs’ reflective cycle is a theoretical model often used by students as a framework in coursework assignments that require reflective writing. The model was created by Professor Graham Gibbs and appeared in Learning by Doing (1988). It looks like this: Action plan If it arose again what would you do? Descripiton What happened? Conclusion What else could you have done? Feelings What were you thinking and feeling? Analysis What sense can you make of the situation? Evaluation What was good and bad about the experience? Gibbs’ reflective cycle has 6 stages. They are usually given the following headings: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Description Feelings Evaluation†¦show more content†¦Reconsider the things that went badly and write what you think this lead to (consequences of action). Think about what could have been done to have avoided these negative consequences. Reconsider the things that went well and write why you think they went well (causes of action). Reconsider the things that went well and write what you think this lead to (consequences of action). Think about how this positive action could have been further improved. Think about your contribution to the experience and say how useful it was and why it was useful (did a previous experience help you? can you compare it to a previous experience?). If you were unable to contribute to the experience say why. Think about other people present during the experience and try to assess whether their reactions were similar or different to yours. Try to say why they were the same or different. this part is analytical, it does not describe, it tries to explain the causes and consequences of things that happened, it asks questions like why?, so what? and whatShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Nursing Practice2633 Words   |  11 PagesGibbs Reflective Model (1988) Reflection Relating to Care on Pressure Sore In Nursing Practice The purpose of this assignment is to reflect on the aspect of my Adult Nursing Practice placement, and study that was gained by me in my studies and the need of pressure sore care and management in nursing practice. To reflect on my learning action, I am going to apply Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle to highlight the need for nurses to provide holistic care. It will outline the basic aspects ofRead MoreReflective Writing : My Personal Employability Skills1784 Words   |  8 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Reflective writing is evidence of reflective thinking, which is a beneficial learning tool as it allows me to critically think about my personal employability skills. This self-reflection mode of writing allows me to recognise and identify my current skills, strengths, weaknesses, progress and achievements. 2. TIME MANAGEMENT Time-management is one of my core academic and employability skills I possess. This skill allows me to prioritise effectively, which includes planning workloadsRead MoreUnit 8: Promoting Health and Well Being Essay15634 Words   |  63 PagesEvaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.23 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..24 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.26 Unit 8: Promoting health and well being Introduction   The Aim of my coursework is to carry out and write a report of a scale health promotion Project relevant to one of the services user groups, the services user group that I have choose is Health (ill people) this group are people who are ill or who suffer from any diseases

Honor A Tragic Hero - 1399 Words

Evan Oblak Kochanski Honors English 10 19 January 2016 Honor Does Not Lead to Good Things The definition of a tragic hero is perceived as one who is neither wicked nor purely innocent, one who â€Å"is brave and noble but guilty of the tragic flaw of assuming that honorable ends justify dishonorable means†. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Brutus takes the role of the tragic hero. Brutus’s honor, nobility, and self-righteousness makes him â€Å"a tragic figure, if not the hero† (Catherine C. Dominic). As the play opens, Brutus is known as a Roman nobleman and a member of one of the most illustrious families in Rome. He is first seen in Act I, scene ii, as one of Caesar’s â€Å"close friends† who is part of his entourage. But while alone with Cassius he is persuaded into taking a part in the assassination of Caesar. He is weary at first, and it seems as though it took Cassius some time to talk him into agreeing, yet Brutus looked at Caesar as some type of threat as well. As a â€Å"speculative man of high motives and refined sensibility†(Catherine C. Dominic) Brutus does have his confusion of motives. Act I, scene ii, is the first we see his weakness, â€Å"his concern with reputation and appearance, his subtle vanity and pride†(Gayle Green). Yet the main bases of Brutus’s bewilderment of motives takes place in Act II, scene I, with his famous soliloquy beginning with â€Å"It must be by his death†. This speech may be the turning point in which Brutus feels better about the assassination of his onceShow MoreRelated Essay on Hotspur as Tragic Hero of Henry IV1322 Words   |  6 PagesHotspur as Tragic Hero of Henry IV       In Shakespeares Henry IV Part One, the characters many different conceptions of honor govern how they respond to situations.   Each characters conception of honor has a great impact on the characters standing after the play.   For instance, Falstaff survived because he dishonorably faked his own death, and his untrue claim that he was the one who killed Hotspur may get him a title and land.   On the other hand, Hotspur lies dead after losing a duel forRead MoreWas Brutus A Tragic Hero772 Words   |  4 Pagesbackstabbing friend, or really a tragic hero? Marcus Brutus from William Shakespeare’s, Julius Caesar, was a tragic hero in my opinion. I am going to try and convince you that he was and why he was a tragic hero in this essay. Brutus meets all of the criteria of a tragic hero. He is arguably the protagonist of the play; he has a fatal flaw that leads to his downfall, which he cannot recover from. He had good qualities like patriotism, and he was honorable. His tragic flaw was also one of his good qualitiesRead MoreEssay On Tragic Hero In The Crucible815 Words   |  4 Pagescompassion, courage and hope. Not even tragic accident or disaster can destroy such treasures of the heart† (Daisaku Ikeda). In the play, â€Å"The Crucible† there are many characters that have an effect on each other. Two of the characters that could be called tragic heroes are John Proctor and Reverend Hale. The most tragic hero in my opinion was John Proctor. Although Reverend Hale may be considered a tragic hero to some people, John Proctor is the definition of a tragic hero because he risked his life, heRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller994 Words   |  4 Pagesfor a hero and n this story a tragic hero will arise. A tragic is a character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his own demise. In The Crucible the character of John Procter being a tragic hero has been a big debate for many years. Based on the definition of a tragic he ro as well as information directly from The Crucible, it can be concluded that John Proctor is in fact a tragic hero. John Proctor plays a major role in the play and can easily be identified as a tragic hero. InRead More Brutus is the Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesBrutus is the Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares play Julius Caesar is a tragic play, where the renowned Julius Caesar is on the brink of achieving total control and power by becoming emperor of the Roman Empire. Ironically enough, when he thinks he is one step away from pulling it off, his friends (most from the senate) decide to overthrow him, with Caesars most trusted friend, Marcus Brutus, acting as leader of the conspirators. Though the fall of Caesar from the mostRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight: the Exploration of a Tragic Hero1023 Words   |  5 PagesTragic and hero may not be words that easily reveal a relationship, but throughout literature the two have been linked to create an enthralling read. The emergence of the tragic hero seemed to take shape in ancient Greece where such works as Oedipus and Antigone were popular among all classes of people. Aristotle defined a tragedy as the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself. It incorpo rates incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplishRead More Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet as Tragic Heroes      Ã‚   William Shakespeare has written many literary works - from his sonnets to his plays, each has its own individual characteristics.   One popular characteristic that comes from his plays is the tragic hero.   The audience can always relate to the tragic hero and the many trials he faces.   Macbeth and Hamlet are just two of Shakespeares plays that involve the tragic hero.   Through their nobility, tragic flaws, and dignity Macbeth and Hamlet prove to be tragic heroes.Read More tragoed Oedipus as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex)1217 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Oedipus the King In the introduction to Sophocles Oedipus the King, Sophocles defines a tragic hero as one who [behaves] admirably as a man, [but who] is nevertheless tripped up by forces beyond his control and understanding... (Sophocles 76).   In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is the tragic hero. The force that trips up the hero is fate, or, moira. It is Oedipuss actions that set the events into motion,   but it is ultimately his fate, and his attemptedRead MoreEssay on Sophocles Antigone923 Words   |  4 Pagescharacterized as the tragic hero in the story. The argument that Antigone is the hero is deffinatly a strong one. There are many critics who believe that Creon, however, is the true protagonist of the play. In order to determine whether or not Creon is the tragic hero one must first examine what a tragic hero is. Aristotle states that a hero is neither purely innocent nor purely malevolent. A hero is usually born into high rank of society, and this person must possess a tragic flaw. T his flaw normallyRead MoreEt Tu Brute: The Man Who Lost It All1037 Words   |  5 Pagesrightful name of tragic hero. Brutus lives in the golden age of the Roman era. He is one of the most honored men that walks the street; but while supposedly trying to protect his beloved country from tyranny, he looses everything and helps raise chaos and the exile of patriots. Brutus is seduced into the idea of blood for freedom, thus killing his closest friend Caesar. Through his mistake he looses his name, home, and faces the demise of his wife and himself. Brutus truly is the tragic hero of Tragedy

Study of Adolescent Learner Practices

Question: Discuss about theStudy of Adolescent Learner Practices. Answer: Introduction There have been numerous attempts for explaining and addressing the learning practices of the middle year school students in Australia. Most of the students at this stage are seen to fight with their lack of engagement with studies. They do not seem like they are involved in the school curriculum. This stage is also important in the learning activity of children, as several students are seen to have different kinds of learning and communication difficulty at this stage. Therefore it is necessary to carefully observe their learning developments in the classroom so that their difficulties can be taken care of (Greenhow, Gleason Li, 2014). Numerous students are seen to become frustrated with their repeated failures and tend to give u what they are doing. Scholars have found out that due to the repeated failure the formation f the perception regarding their capability is greatly influenced (Wong et al., 2015). This is very much necessary for their later life as self perception regarding own capability is essential to accomplish anything. The sense of incapability may be static in later life and children tend to acquire a sense of helplessness. In this case study, I will observe a second grad student in the elementary school, Robert Smith. EmergingNarrative I was observing nineteen fifth grade students in the elementary schools while I was focusing on a specific student, Robert Smith as among them he was the only one who was having problem with the learning abilities and having communication issues. I chose him after observing him for few weeks and after talking to his teachers about her previous grades. He has a severe lack of motivation in studies. He also had the tendency of withdrawing himself from any kind of event as most of the time he expected failure as an outcome. His teachers observed the same. Therefore, it was considered that he is having the learned helplessness and he was having clear symptoms of that. I had created a profile which had included the family information of the child, schooling information and the other inputs about his previous teachers. I was interested more in gaining an insight about the learning techniques of the child and how he copes up with his schooling. Other than Robert, I also find other students who were losing engagement in the learning process. Ellis (2015) suggests that engagement in schooling should be considered as a concept being multifaceted. From this point of view the school engagement can be characterized in three different methods; emotionally, behaviorally and cognitively. Therefore any kind of attempts that increase the student engagement in their regular schooling can face different challenges from both the perspectives, the role of teachers promoting various outcomes and the scope for actions. There are a large number of teachers who spoke about their experiences facing disengaged behavior of students. Many commented that no matter how hard they try the students do not respond to anything and do not try to improve their present conditions. They observed that the learning abilities of Robert were responding to their try in a very slow motion. Roberts parents were also worried about his learning developments. His parents also expressed worry about his inability of interacting with other children. His parents indicated that he is reluctant to go to school and he is mostly in a bad mood before coming to school. I had checked last three grade reports of Robert and noted that he is mostly getting average marks in the language and reading part. However, his maths grades are worse. He was getting far low than the average grades. I had asked Robert to sit for a small assignment where he was supposed to answer questions such as what do you feel when the teaching is talking to the cl ass?, can you complete your homework within time?; do you like to read? All the students who sat for this study were writing different kinds of answers to the entire question paper, where I noticed that Robert was not at all attentive towards whatever he was asked to do and trying to copy from other students. Robert was also having problem at the lunch time where he could not gel up with his peers. They have repeatedly complained against him. Even some teachers had complained because of his behavioral problems. Seeing him having difficulties in communicating with his peers, I had doubts whether he is being treated in a bad way at home front or not. Most of the times children who are being yelled at home tend to grow such tendencies. I had talked to all of his teachers and observed his classroom practices. Therefore, his low level of coping up capabilities were seen to affect his natural communications as well, Connecting Practice and Theory Observing the overall profile of Robert has suggested that he is definitely a victim of learned helplessness. He was rigid at this point that he does not have any kind of social and intellectual characteristics; therefore his situation cannot be changed. He has a low perception about his own capabilities and also has a feeling that he has no control over the outcome of any situation. Scholars who found out that the children with learned helplessness has a sense of failure in their own ability than in the surroundings such as the difficulty of any job or the failure of the teacher. They can also detect whether any particular teacher is compassionate enough towards them. Therefore, I have seen that Robert recognizing that his science teacher is giving the positive judgments about his abilities. This analysis gives me a better understanding with the situation inside the classroom and the impact of the learning practices on the students with learning difficulties. Scholars have indicated the fact that in most of the cases the teachers are unable to identify the symptoms of the learning difficulty of the child. Therefore, I had developed an intervention that may alleviate his learned helplessness across the academic and physical domains. An effective policy may involve targeting a specific setting where the child can be motivated with the learning practices. The child needed to be motivated so that he can further take part in different events in schools. The interventions were: The children with learned helplessness are not positive about having improvements in their abilities. Wexler et al. (2015) suggest that they focus more on comparing their own performance to others therefore they tend not to identify their own improvements. Thus, most of the times Robert were also seen to overlook his improvements. However, in the proposed learning practices, I have tried to make him realize that he is improving as well. When the teacher is pointing towards his own achievements, it made him happy and he left the class with a big smile. Mikulincer (2013) indicated that the children with the learned helplessness stress on themselves way more than a child should do and they mostly expect a negative outcome from any situation. Robert is always scared that his classmates will make fun of him if he fails to do something. However, in the designed classroom, the students had the space to practice things on their own; therefore Robert was enthusiast to practice new things. As the children with learned helplessness think themselves to have a low ability, they avoid situations where they might be asked to perform (Brunson, 2015). They have a continuous fear of judgment. Therefore, they avoid such situations. However, in the designed curriculum, the students had lower peer pressure and were encouraged to be engaged in physical activities outside the classroom. This made him happy and energized. According to Maier Seligman (2016), these children also have problems in having control over situations in life. In the learning practices, they were encouraged to involve in tasks where they need to take care of something and be responsible. This enhances their ability of taking responsibility and expresses their feelings about a situation. Implications for Teachers and Teaching In this section, I will suggest few implications that the middle year teachers can make to encourage and involve the students more in the curriculums. In these years students spend more time in their schools and with their peers. Therefore, they should be careful just as the parents are. In most of the cases, it can be seen that when the teacher asks something in the class, few students raises their hands but some of them not if the teacher asks someone who had not raised his or hand for answering the question, tend to be quiet or say I do not know. However, most of the time the teachers also do not have time to focus on that particular student and in the need to cover the entire study materials, he or she misses a specific student (Hwang Kearney, 2013). The teacher should take care of some other things in the class other than the study materials too. Therefore, I am suggesting some of the implications that the teacher could follow to improve the situation: These children want to see themselves as successful ones and they tend to compare their own performances with others. Thus they tend to feel insecure. Therefore, the teachers are suggested to encourage them continuously and give them positive feedbacks. The teachers are also suggested to identify their little improvements. This will make them happy and they will not expect the negative outcome anymore. Some of the students may not be comfortable enough to share his or her feelings in front of the whole class. Therefore, the teacher should make sure that he or she is given personal time and space where they can share their views about their performance. This difficulty is more prevalent in the early years. Even these patterns are also established in this stage where the children learn their capabilities. Therefore the elementary teachers should identify the specific patterns so that they can be intervened with suitable reinforcements. Therefore, they are suggested to put more attention to the students. The teachers should praise and reinforce the innate ability of the child when they are successful in a particular task. If the students starts believing that they are good at something, they will let themselves more opportunities. The positive feedback from the teachers will make the students with learned helplessness difficulty more encouraged. This can act as a powerful tool in their improvement. () suggest that the teachers may set a specific goal from each of the student so that they can try to achieve something tangible. The accomplishment will give them more confidence as well. Conclusion This study shows that it is necessary for the students to be observed, so that the teachers could identify the specific issues with their developmental phases. In this study, we have seen the child with the learning difficulty was having severe issues in coping up with his surroundings. These children tend to be anxious most of the times as they tend to compare their performances continuously. They tend to be sad or in bad temper most of the times. They may also have issues with their communication skills with the peers. In this situation, the peer support is also necessary. If they realize they are not being judged all the time, they tend to be less anxious. The teachers may apply the I do, I do model by providing the students a guided practice or release their sense of responsibility gradually, so that they can move towards the independent practice. As mentioned by the scholars that having collaborative practices can enhance their skills and the teachers may monitor their individua l improvements during this time. With a careful observation, responsibility, planning and ensuring the implications, we can make sure that the students with the learned helplessness difficulty can cope up with this situation. The caring and thoughtful teachers who are willing to take care even if there are difficulties should be appointed so that they can help the students. Reference List and Bibliography Brunson, B. I. (2015). The Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and reactions to uncontrollable events: An analysis of learned helplessness. Ellis, R. (2015).Understanding Second Language Acquisition 2nd Edition-Oxford Applied Linguistics. Oxford university press. Greenhow, C., Gleason, B., Li, J. (2014). Psychological, social, and educational dynamics of adolescents online social networking.Media Education: Studi, Ricerche, Buone Pratiche,5(2), 115-130. Hwang, Y. S., Kearney, P. (2013). A systematic review of mindfulness intervention for individuals with developmental disabilities: Long-term practice and long lasting effects.Research in developmental disabilities,34(1), 314-326. Maier, S. F., Seligman, M. E. (2016). Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience.Psychological review,123(4), 349. Manuel, J., Carter, D. (2015). Current and historical perspectives on Australian teenagers' reading practices and preferences.Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, The,38(2), 115. McPherson, G. E., Osborne, M. S., Barrett, M. S., Davidson, J. W., Faulkner, R. (2015). Motivation to study music in Australian schools: The impact of music learning, gender, and socio-economic status.Research Studies in Music Education,37(2), 141-160. Mikulincer, M. (2013).Human learned helplessness: A coping perspective. Springer Science Business Media. Mirrione, M. M., Schulz, D., Lapidus, K., Zhang, S., Goodman, W., Henn, F. A. (2014). Increased metabolic activity in the septum and habenula during stress is linked to subsequent expression of learned helplessness behavior.Frontiers in human neuroscience,8, 29. Sedibe, H. M., Kahn, K., Edin, K., Gitau, T., Ivarsson, A., Norris, S. A. (2014). Qualitative study exploring healthy eating practices and physical activity among adolescent girls in rural South Africa.BMC pediatrics,14(1), 211. Taboada Barber, A., Buehl, M. M., Kidd, J. K., Sturtevant, E. G., Richey Nuland, L., Beck, J. (2015). Reading engagement in social studies: Exploring the role of a social studies literacy intervention on reading comprehension, reading self-efficacy, and engagement in middle school students with different language backgrounds.Reading Psychology,36(1), 31-85. Ware, P., Kessler, G. (2016). Telecollaboration in the secondary language classroom: case study of adolescent interaction and pedagogical integration.Computer Assisted Language Learning,29(3), 427-450. Wexler, J., Reed, D. K., Pyle, N., Mitchell, M., Barton, E. E. (2015). A synthesis of peer-mediated academic interventions for secondary struggling learners.Journal of Learning Disa Fitton, V. A., Ahmedani, B. K., Harold, R. D., Shifflet, E. D. (2013). The role of technology on young adolescent development: Implications for policy, research and practice.Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal,30(5), 399-413.bilities,48(5), 451-470. Wilcox, K. C., Jeffery, J. V. (2015). Adolescent English language learners' stances toward disciplinary writing.English for Specific Purposes,38, 44-56. Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., ... Schultz, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(7), 1951-1966. Young, J. A., Symons, C. M., Pain, M. D., Harvey, J. T., Eime, R. M., Craike, M. J., Payne, W. R. (2015). Role models of Australian female adolescents: A longitudinal study to inform programmes designed to increase physical activity and sport participation.European Physical Education Review,21(4), 451-466.